Kinesiology: Ch.1-3 Basics, Joints, Sk. Mm Kuyabic

Front 1

What is kinesiology?

Back 1

Study of movement

Front 2

Kinesiology comes in what 3 bodies of knowledge?

Back 2

Anatomy

Biomechanics

Physiology

Front 3

What is biomechanics?

Back 3

How forces act on the body through physics.

Front 4

What is kinematics?

Back 4

Motion of body w/o regard to forces or torques that produce that motion.

Front 5

What are the two types of movement?

Back 5

Translation

Rotation

Front 6

What is translation movement?

Back 6

Linear motion which all parts of rigid body move parallel to and in same direction as every other body part.

Front 7

What is rotation movement?

Back 7

Motion which an assumed rigid body moves in a circular path about a pivot point.

Front 8

Pivot point is also called?

Back 8

Axis of rotation (AOR)

Front 9

The point where motion of rotating body is zero.

Back 9

Axis

Front 10

Active movements are caused by what?

Back 10

Muscles

Front 11

Passive movements are caused by what?

Back 11

Gravity

Front 12

What is osteokinematics?

Back 12

Movement of bones relative to the 3 cardinal planes.

Front 13

What are the 3 cardinal planes?

Back 13

Sagittal - left right

Frontal - front back

Transverse - top botttom

Front 14

In what two ways can a jt. move?

Back 14

Proximal segment can rotate on fixed distal segment.

Distal segment can rotate on fixed proximal segment.

Front 15

Most movement in upper extremity involve what?

Back 15

Distal moving on proximal

Front 16

What is open kinematic chain (OKC)?

Back 16

Distal segment is free to move.

Front 17

What does closed kinematic chain (CKC) mean?

Back 17

Distal segment is fixed to earth or immovable object.

Front 18

What is arthrokinematics?

Back 18

Motion of joints.

Front 19

What are the 3 fundamental movements of joints?

Back 19

Slide

Roll

Spin

Front 20

Which way do the roll and slide occur in a convex on concave surface movement?

Back 20

Opposite directions

Front 21

Which way do the roll and slide occur in a concave on convex surface movement?

Back 21

Same direction

Front 22

What are the two jt. positions?

Back 22

Loose pack

Closed pack

Front 23

What is loose pack position?

Back 23

Ligaments and capsule are on slack and accessory motions are increased.

Front 24

What is closed pack position?

Back 24

Ligaments and capsule are tensed with maximal contact between jt. surfaces.

Front 25

What is kinetics?

Back 25

The effect of forces on the body.

Front 26

Newton's 2nd law

Back 26

F=ma

Front 27

What types of forces can be applied to the musculoskeletal system?

Back 27

Tension

Compression

Bending

Shear

Torsion

Combined loading

Front 28

How can the ability of CT to tolerate loads be observed?

Back 28

By plotting the amount of force required to deform a tissue.

Front 29

What is stress?

Back 29

Internal resistance generated as a tissue resists deformation divided by its cross sectional area.

Front 30

What is strain?

Back 30

Ratio of tissue's deformed length to it's original length.

Front 31

What are the five zones of the stress strain curve?

Back 31

Toe

Creep

Elasticity

Plasticity

Necking

Failure

Front 32

What is creep as related to the stress strain curve?

Back 32

Progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time

Front 33

What are the internal forces produced from inside the body?

Back 33

Active forces generated by muscle.

Passive forces by stretched CT.

Front 34

What are the external forces produced from outside the body?

Back 34

Gravity or some type of weight

Front 35

The line of force is depicted by an arrow that represents what?

Back 35

A vector

Front 36

Vector is a quantity that has both what and what?

Back 36

Magnitude and direction

Front 37

To describe the vector you need what 4 things?

Back 37

Magnitude

Direction

Sense

Point of application

Front 38

What is torque?

Back 38

Rotational equivalent of force

Front 39

The amount of torque generated across a joint depends on what two things?

Back 39

Amount of force exerted.

Distance between the force and AOR.

Front 40

What is moment arm?

Back 40

The shortest distance between the AOR and the force.

Front 41

What is internal torque?

Back 41

Torque generated from internal forces. Muscles.

Front 42

What is external torque?

Back 42

Torque energy from external forces. Gravity.

Front 43

What is internal moment arm?

Back 43

Distance between AOR and the perpendicular intersection with the internal force.

Front 44

What are the three types of muscle contractions?

Back 44

Isometric

Concentric

Eccentric

Front 45

What is isometric contraction?

Back 45

Internal torque equals external torque.

Front 46

What is concentric contraction?

Back 46

Internal torque greater than external torque.

Front 47

What is eccentric contraction?

Back 47

Internal torque less than external torque.

Front 48

What is an agonist muscle?

Back 48

Muscle or muscle is most related to initiation of a movement.

Front 49

What is an antagonist muscle?

Back 49

Opposite action of the agonist.

Front 50

What is a synergist muscle?

Back 50

Muscles working together to produce movement or neutralize another movement.

Front 51

What is a force couple?

Back 51

Two or more muscles producing forces in different linear directions but the same rotary direction. Ex. Hip flexor and low back extensors.

Front 52

What is the purpose of a lever?

Back 52

Convert a force into a torque.

Front 53

What are the three types of levers?

Back 53

First class

Second class

Third class

Front 54

What is a first class lever?

Back 54

AOR is between the opposing forces. Internal and external forces similar linear directions, but torques in opposite rotary directions.

Ex. Head/neck muscles

Front 55

What is a second class lever?

Back 55

AOR at one end of a bone. Internal Force has greater leverage than external force. Lift heavier.

Ex. Calf muscle to perform heel raise. Wheelbarrow.

Rare.

Front 56

What is a third class lever?

Back 56

AOR at one end of the bone. External force greater leverage than internal force. Lift faster.

Ex. Elbow flexor muscles

Most common.

Front 57

What are the ratios of internal moment arm to external moment arm for each class of lever?

Back 57

First class lever - MA equal to, less than, or greater than 1

Second class lever - MA greater than 1

Third class lever - MA less than 1

Front 58

What is arthrology?

Back 58

Study of joints.

Front 59

What is synarthrosis?

Back 59

-Bones held together by dense irregular CT

-Little or no movement available

-Bind bones together

-Transmit forces across large surface area

Ex. Sutures of skull

Front 60

What is amphiarthrosis?

Back 60

Junction between bones held by fibro or hyaline cartilage

Little movement

Transmit and dispersed forces

Ex. Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, manubriosternal joint

Front 61

What is diarthrosis?

Back 61

-Classic synovial joints

-Articulation that contains a fluid-filled joint cavity

-Specialized for movement and exhibit seven elements always

Front 62

What are the seven elements of a synovial joint?

Back 62

1. Synovial fluid

2. Synovial membrane

3. Capsular ligaments

4. Articular capsule

5. Articular cartilage

6. Blood vessels

7. Sensory nerves

Front 63

What are some other elements of synovial joints that are inconsistent?

Back 63

Disc/meniscus pads of fibrocartilage that increase congruency (TFJ, DRUJ, SCJ, ACJ, TMJ)

Labrum (hip, shoulder)

Fat pads and plicae

Front 64

Stable posture results from what?

Back 64

A balance of competing forces.

Front 65

What happens when competing forces are unbalanced?

Back 65

Movement occurs.

Front 66

In what ways do muscles control posture and movement?

Back 66

Stabilization and movement of bones

Front 67

What kind of muscles are these?

Back 67

Left: Pennate

Right: Fusiform

Front 68

What is the structural unit of muscle?

Back 68

Muscle fiber

Front 69

What surrounds and supports muscles?

Back 69

Connective tissue

Front 70

What is epimysium?

Back 70

Tough structure that surrounds the entire surface of the muscle and separates it from other muscles.

Front 71

What is perimysium?

Back 71

Sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle).

Front 72

What is endomysium?

Back 72

Connective tissue that covers individual muscle fibers.

Front 73

Which two layers of the muscle are resistive to stretch?

Back 73

Epimysium and perimysium

Front 74

What is endomysium composed of?

Back 74

A dense meshwork of collagen fibrils.

Front 75

What are the functions of connective tissue within muscle?

Back 75

-Structure

-Blood vessels & nerves

-Generates passive tension by resisting stretch

-Helps muscle to regain shape after stretch

Front 76

Muscle is capable of generating different force determined by what two factors?

Back 76

-Physiologic cross-sectional area (PCSA)

-Pennation angle

Front 77

What is the active force generator of a muscle fiber?

Back 77

Sarcomere

Front 78

What is a sarcomere?

Back 78

Active force generator of a muscle.

Front 79

These are different sizes, are connected with muscle fibers, and have different contractile properties.

Back 79

Motorneurons

Front 80

What influences the order in which motorneurons are recruited?

Back 80

Size

Front 81

What are the three types of motor units?

Back 81

S(SO) slow oxidative

FR(FOG) fast oxidative glycolytic

FF(FG) fast glycolytic

Front 82

How does a muscle contract?

Back 82

-Action potential sent down motor neuron

-ACh released at NMJ and binds to receptor at motor endplate

-NA/K ions enter muscle

-T-tubules release CA which bind to troponin

-Actin combines with ATP

-Energy is released to allow cross bridge

-Thick/thin filaments slide

Front 83

Explain the Passive Length Tension Curve.

Back 83

-When CT in muscle is stretched, passive length-tension curve is generated.

Front 84

What do actin and myosin interact through?

Back 84

Cross bridges.

Front 85

What are the 2 proteins within a myofilament?

Back 85

Actin and myosin.

Front 86

Dark bands in a myofibril are ___.

Back 86

A-bands/Myosin.

Front 87

Light bands in myofibril are ___.

Back 87

I-bands/Actin.

Front 88

What is an H-band?

Back 88

Region in the A-band where actin and myosin do not overlap.

Front 89

What are M-lines?

Back 89

Mid region thickening of thick myosin filament in the center of H-band.