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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Joints (Articulations) are the ________________ parts of the skeleton.
Weakest parts of the skeleton
What does Articulation mean?
site where two or more bones meet
What are the two Functions of joints?
-Give the skeleton mobility
-Hold the skeleton together
What characteristics are used to classify structural joints?
Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
The three structural classifications are:
1.Fibrous
2.Cartilaginous
3.Synovial
What characteristic do we use to classify functional joints?
Functional classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
The three classes of functional joints are:
Synarthroses = immovable
Amphiarthroses = slightly movable
Diarthroses = freely movable
Three defining characteristics of Fibrous Structural Joints
-The bones are joined by fibrous tissues
-There is no joint cavity
-Most are imovable
Three types of Fibrous Structural Joints
-Sutures
-Syndesmoses
-Gomphoses
What are "sutures" in Fibrous Structural Joints?
-Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growing during youth
-In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synostoses
What is a Syndesmoses Fibrous Structural Joint?
-Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament
-Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable
What is the Gomphoses Fibrous Structural Joints?
The peg-in-socket -
(example:)
-fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket
-The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
What are characteristics of Cartilaginous Joints?
-Articulating bones that are united by cartilage
-Joints lack a joint cavity
What are the two types of Cartilaginous Joints?
1.sycchondroses
2.symphysis
What is a Synchondroses Cartilaginous Joints?
-A bar or plate of hayline cartilage unites the bones
(Examples include:)
-Epiphyseal plates of children
-Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum
What is a Symphysis Cartilaginous Joints?
Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
(Examples include)
-intervertebral joints
-pubic symphysis of the pelvis
What characteristic defines Synovial Joints?
The joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity
What are the five main components of a Synovial Joints general Structure?
Synovial joints all have the following
-Articular cartilage
-Joint (synovial) cavity
-Articular capsule
-Synovial fluid
-Reinforcing ligaments
What are the Friction-Reducing Structures in Synovial Joints? (2)
1. Bursa
~Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
2. Tendon sheath
In Synovial Joints: _________ is determined by articular surfaces; ___________ determines what movements are possible; and ___________ unite bones and prevents excessive or undesirable motion.
-Stability- is determined by Articular surfaces
-Shape- determines what movements are possible
-Ligaments– unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
What is the connective tissue that helps to achieve muscle tone?
-Muscle tendons - stretch across joints acting as stabilizing factors
The two muscle attachments across a synovial Joint are?
1. Origin– attachment to the immovable bone
2. Insertion– attachment to the movable bone
What are the four types of motion seen in synovial Joints?
-Nonaxial =slipping movements only
-Uniaxial =movement in one plane
-Biaxial =movement in two planes
-Multiaxial =movement in or around all three planes
What is meant by gliding movements?
-One flat bone glides or slips over another similar surface
-(Examples)
-intercarpal and intertarsal joints
-between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae
What are the six types of Angular Movement?
-Flexion =bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
-Extension =reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased -Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion =up and down movement of the foot
-Abduction= movement away from the midline
-Adduction= movement towards the midline
-Circumduction= movement describes a cone in space
What are the five types of special movements?
-Supination and pronation =Hand and palm
-Inversion and eversion
-Protraction and retraction
-Elevation and depression
-Opposition
Two characteristics of a Plane Joint
-Articular surfaces are essentially flat
-Allow only slipping or gliding movements
*Only examples of nonaxial joints
The elbow and interphalangeal joints are examples of ___________. These joints permit flexion and extension only.
-Uniaxial joints
Describe a pivot joint
-Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve” or ring composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
*-Only uniaxial movement allowed
-(Examples:) joint between the axis and the dens as well as the proximal radioulnar joint
What are Condyloid/ Ellipsoidal Joints?
-Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression of another
-Both articular surfaces are oval
-Biaxial joints permit all angular motions
-(Examples:)
-radiocarpal(wrist) joints
-metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
What is the difference between Saddle Joints and Condyloid Joints
-Saddle Joints are similar to condyloid joints but allow for greater movement
-Each articular surface has both a concave and convex surface
-(Example:) carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Ball-and-Socket Joints
-A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another
-Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints
(Examples:) shoulder and hip joints
What is the largest and most complex joint of the body? This joint allows flexion, extension, and some rotation.
the Synovial Joints of the Knee
Three joints in one, surrounded by a single joint cavity describes what two joints?
-Femoropatellar joint
-Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints
What is the structure of the Shoulder (Glenohumeral)?
-Ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of movement
-head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
What is the structure of the Elbow?
-Hinge joint that allows flexion and extension only
-Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus
What type of structure is the Hip (Coxal) Joint?
-Ball and socket joint
-Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
-Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket and strong ligaments
Where is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) located?
-Where the mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone
What are the two types of movement for the (TMJ)?
1. Hinge– depression and elevation of mandible
2. Side to side – (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth
What is a sprain?
-The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
-Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves
-Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair
What are Cartilage Injuries?
-The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
-Common aerobics injury
-Repaired with arthroscopic surgery
What occurs when bones are dislocated?
-bones are forced out of alignment
-Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
-Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries
What is bursitis?
-inflammation of a bursa
-usually caused by a blow or fraction
-Symptoms are pain and swelling
-Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs
-excessive fluid may be aspirated
What is tendonitis?
-Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
-Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis
What are the three chronic forms of arthritis?
-osteoarthritis
-rheumatoid arthritis
-gouty arthritis
What is the most common type of arthritis?
-Osteoarthritis
What type of arthritis reflects the years of abrasion and compression causing increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes that break down cartilage
-Osteoarthritis
-The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restricts movement
What are the treatment options of Osteoarthritis?
-Mild pain relievers, along with moderate activity
-Magnetic therapy
-Glucosamine sulfate decreases pain and inflammation
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
-Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with gradual and increasingly harmful onset
-Usually arises between the ages of 40-50, but may occur at any age
What happens during the course of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-RA begins with synoyitis of the affected joint
-Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released
-Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing swelling
-Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus
-Pannus erodes cartilage and scar tissue forms, then the articulating bone ends connect
-The end result= ankylosis- produces bent/ deformed fingers
What is the (Conservative & Progressive) treatments of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-Conservative treatment
– aspirin and long-term use of antibiotics as well as physical therapy
-Progressive treatment
– anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants
-The drug Enbrel (a biological response modifier) neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals
Name the type of chronic arthritis based on the following symptoms.
-Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response
-Typically affects the joint at the base of great toe
-If left untreated the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
Gouty arthritis
What is the treatment of Gouty Arthritis?
– colchicine
-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
-glucocorticoids
Where do sutures occur?
-interlocking junctions in the bones of the skull, completely filled with connective tissue fibers
What type of connection occurs between the tibia and fibula?
Syndesmoses Fibrous Structural Joint
What type of connection is seen between the ulna and radius?
Syndesmoses Fibrous Structural Joint
What is an example of a Synchondroses Cartilaginous Joints?
Epiphyseal plates of children
What is a Bursa?
flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
What is a tendon sheath?
an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
What is the structure of a hinge joint?
-Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
-Motion is along a single plane
What type of arthritis is related to normal aging and affects women more than men?
-Osteoarthritis
What are the joints most affected by osteoarthritis?
the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips
Joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems are symptoms of what type of arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
What is subluxation?
Partial dislocation of a joint