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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Joints (Articulations) are the ________________ parts of the skeleton.
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Weakest parts of the skeleton
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What does Articulation mean?
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site where two or more bones meet
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What are the two Functions of joints?
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-Give the skeleton mobility
-Hold the skeleton together |
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What characteristics are used to classify structural joints?
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Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
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The three structural classifications are:
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1.Fibrous
2.Cartilaginous 3.Synovial |
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What characteristic do we use to classify functional joints?
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Functional classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
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The three classes of functional joints are:
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Synarthroses = immovable
Amphiarthroses = slightly movable Diarthroses = freely movable |
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Three defining characteristics of Fibrous Structural Joints
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-The bones are joined by fibrous tissues
-There is no joint cavity -Most are imovable |
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Three types of Fibrous Structural Joints
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-Sutures
-Syndesmoses -Gomphoses |
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What are "sutures" in Fibrous Structural Joints?
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-Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growing during youth
-In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synostoses |
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What is a Syndesmoses Fibrous Structural Joint?
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-Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament
-Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable |
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What is the Gomphoses Fibrous Structural Joints?
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The peg-in-socket -
(example:) -fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket -The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament |
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What are characteristics of Cartilaginous Joints?
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-Articulating bones that are united by cartilage
-Joints lack a joint cavity |
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What are the two types of Cartilaginous Joints?
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1.sycchondroses
2.symphysis |
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What is a Synchondroses Cartilaginous Joints?
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-A bar or plate of hayline cartilage unites the bones
(Examples include:) -Epiphyseal plates of children -Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum |
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What is a Symphysis Cartilaginous Joints?
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Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
(Examples include) -intervertebral joints -pubic symphysis of the pelvis |
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What characteristic defines Synovial Joints?
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The joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity
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What are the five main components of a Synovial Joints general Structure?
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Synovial joints all have the following
-Articular cartilage -Joint (synovial) cavity -Articular capsule -Synovial fluid -Reinforcing ligaments |
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What are the Friction-Reducing Structures in Synovial Joints? (2)
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1. Bursa
~Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together 2. Tendon sheath |
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In Synovial Joints: _________ is determined by articular surfaces; ___________ determines what movements are possible; and ___________ unite bones and prevents excessive or undesirable motion.
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-Stability- is determined by Articular surfaces
-Shape- determines what movements are possible -Ligaments– unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion |
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What is the connective tissue that helps to achieve muscle tone?
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-Muscle tendons - stretch across joints acting as stabilizing factors
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The two muscle attachments across a synovial Joint are?
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1. Origin– attachment to the immovable bone
2. Insertion– attachment to the movable bone |
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What are the four types of motion seen in synovial Joints?
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-Nonaxial =slipping movements only
-Uniaxial =movement in one plane -Biaxial =movement in two planes -Multiaxial =movement in or around all three planes |
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What is meant by gliding movements?
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-One flat bone glides or slips over another similar surface
-(Examples) -intercarpal and intertarsal joints -between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae |
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What are the six types of Angular Movement?
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-Flexion =bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
-Extension =reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased -Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion =up and down movement of the foot -Abduction= movement away from the midline -Adduction= movement towards the midline -Circumduction= movement describes a cone in space |
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What are the five types of special movements?
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-Supination and pronation =Hand and palm
-Inversion and eversion -Protraction and retraction -Elevation and depression -Opposition |
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Two characteristics of a Plane Joint
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-Articular surfaces are essentially flat
-Allow only slipping or gliding movements *Only examples of nonaxial joints |
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The elbow and interphalangeal joints are examples of ___________. These joints permit flexion and extension only.
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-Uniaxial joints
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Describe a pivot joint
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-Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve” or ring composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
*-Only uniaxial movement allowed -(Examples:) joint between the axis and the dens as well as the proximal radioulnar joint |
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What are Condyloid/ Ellipsoidal Joints?
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-Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression of another
-Both articular surfaces are oval -Biaxial joints permit all angular motions -(Examples:) -radiocarpal(wrist) joints -metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints |
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What is the difference between Saddle Joints and Condyloid Joints
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-Saddle Joints are similar to condyloid joints but allow for greater movement
-Each articular surface has both a concave and convex surface -(Example:) carpometacarpal joint of the thumb |
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Ball-and-Socket Joints
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-A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another
-Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints (Examples:) shoulder and hip joints |
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What is the largest and most complex joint of the body? This joint allows flexion, extension, and some rotation.
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the Synovial Joints of the Knee
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Three joints in one, surrounded by a single joint cavity describes what two joints?
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-Femoropatellar joint
-Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints |
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What is the structure of the Shoulder (Glenohumeral)?
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-Ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of movement
-head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula |
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What is the structure of the Elbow?
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-Hinge joint that allows flexion and extension only
-Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus |
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What type of structure is the Hip (Coxal) Joint?
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-Ball and socket joint
-Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum -Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket and strong ligaments |
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Where is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) located?
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-Where the mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone
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What are the two types of movement for the (TMJ)?
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1. Hinge– depression and elevation of mandible
2. Side to side – (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth |
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What is a sprain?
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-The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
-Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves -Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair |
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What are Cartilage Injuries?
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-The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
-Common aerobics injury -Repaired with arthroscopic surgery |
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What occurs when bones are dislocated?
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-bones are forced out of alignment
-Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization -Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries |
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What is bursitis?
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-inflammation of a bursa
-usually caused by a blow or fraction -Symptoms are pain and swelling -Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs -excessive fluid may be aspirated |
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What is tendonitis?
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-Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
-Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis |
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What are the three chronic forms of arthritis?
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-osteoarthritis
-rheumatoid arthritis -gouty arthritis |
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What is the most common type of arthritis?
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-Osteoarthritis
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What type of arthritis reflects the years of abrasion and compression causing increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes that break down cartilage
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-Osteoarthritis
-The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restricts movement |
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What are the treatment options of Osteoarthritis?
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-Mild pain relievers, along with moderate activity
-Magnetic therapy -Glucosamine sulfate decreases pain and inflammation |
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What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
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-Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with gradual and increasingly harmful onset
-Usually arises between the ages of 40-50, but may occur at any age |
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What happens during the course of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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-RA begins with synoyitis of the affected joint
-Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released -Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing swelling -Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus -Pannus erodes cartilage and scar tissue forms, then the articulating bone ends connect -The end result= ankylosis- produces bent/ deformed fingers |
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What is the (Conservative & Progressive) treatments of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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-Conservative treatment
– aspirin and long-term use of antibiotics as well as physical therapy -Progressive treatment – anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants -The drug Enbrel (a biological response modifier) neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals |
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Name the type of chronic arthritis based on the following symptoms.
-Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response -Typically affects the joint at the base of great toe -If left untreated the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint |
Gouty arthritis
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What is the treatment of Gouty Arthritis?
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– colchicine
-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -glucocorticoids |
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Where do sutures occur?
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-interlocking junctions in the bones of the skull, completely filled with connective tissue fibers
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What type of connection occurs between the tibia and fibula?
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Syndesmoses Fibrous Structural Joint
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What type of connection is seen between the ulna and radius?
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Syndesmoses Fibrous Structural Joint
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What is an example of a Synchondroses Cartilaginous Joints?
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Epiphyseal plates of children
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What is a Bursa?
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flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
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What is a tendon sheath?
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an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
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What is the structure of a hinge joint?
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-Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
-Motion is along a single plane |
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What type of arthritis is related to normal aging and affects women more than men?
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-Osteoarthritis
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What are the joints most affected by osteoarthritis?
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the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips
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Joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems are symptoms of what type of arthritis?
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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What is subluxation?
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Partial dislocation of a joint
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