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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(SI) Sociology
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The SYSTEMATIC study of human society and social behavior, from large-scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions.
Systematic - METHODICAL and PURPOSEFUL If you want to know the answer to something, it has to be a systematic science. Gives a universal set of steps, puts you into the helicopter |
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(SI) Sociological Imagination
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The ability to connect individual lives to the historical forces that shape them.
Same thing as the Sociological perspective. Historical forces = Institutions Milieu/x -a person's social environment. |
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(SI) Social Institution
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Social Institution - A complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role, and reproduce themselves over time.
Also defined (in a narrow sense) as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it. Ex) Legal systems, markets, language... Social Relations are the network of ties Social Roles are what unify them Social Identity could relate to the sum of stories told about a person or institution Identity is difficult to change. (ex: making your 50 yr old mom 40) |
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(SI) Double Consciousness
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Double Consciousness - African Americans have two "behavioral scripts";
one for moving through the world the other for incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers. |
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(SI) Functionalism
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Functionalism - The theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important or necessary function to keep society running.
Saw institutions as an ORGANISM: govt = brain, industry=muscles, cmm=nervous system and so on... |
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(SI) Conflict Theory
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Conflict Theory - Conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general (similar to sociological imagination)
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(SI) Symbolic Interactionism
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Symbolic Interactionism -Shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind (typically other) people's actions.
People act in response to the meanings that signs and social signals hold for them "Red light means stop" (figuratively) |
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(SI) Micro and Macro Sociology
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Micro - Looks at SOCIAL INTERACTIONS and PERFORMANCES:
Goffman's Dramaturgical Theory and Impression mgmt Macro - Looks at the construction of realities Newman's article about how the economy, politics, and media all shape or "build the walls" of our reality. |
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(SI) C. Wright Mills
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Coined Sociological Imagination
"Sociologist Imagination" notes: "You can understand your own experiences and determine your own fate only by locating yourself in your time period and looking at the chances in life of all similar individuals." |
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(SI) Personal Troubles
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Troubles occur within an individual and within the range of their immediate relations with people. It's a personal matter; their personal values are threatened.
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(SI) Public Issues
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Transcends local environments of the individual. They deal with many people; it is a public matter. Often involves a crisis in institutional matters.
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(SI) Peter Berger
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Heavy focus on the Social Construction of reality - the process through which facts, knowledge and the truth are discovered, made known, reaffirmed, and altered by the members of a society
Seeing the strange in the familiar -Why do we ritualize aspects that we don't even think about (eating utensils, lane sides) "The first wisdom of sociology is that things are not what they seem" |
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(SI) Debunking Myths
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A goal of sociology is to debunk myths in our society. Defining things we take for granted about our ideas on life.
The myth of individualism, merit, and free will is an obstacle of developing the Sociological Imagination. |
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(SI) 3 Obstacles to Sociological Imagination
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1. Cultural Beliefs in individualism and self-determination
- The myth of individualism, merit, and free will. 2. The "common sense" belief about personal experiences -We assume our own experiences are universal and generalizable 3. The critical nature of sociology. -Challenges taken-for-granted assumptions about how the world works. |
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(SI) 4 Benefits of Sociological imagination
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1. Fosters appreciation for diversity and broadens personal views.
2. Empowers people to recognize their role in making history 3. Helps understand obstacles for solving social problems 4. Inoculates us against simple explanations of complex issues |
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(Research) Qualitative vs Quantitative
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Qualitative Research - Methods that attempt to collect info about the social world that cannot readily be converted to NUMERIC form
Quantitative/NUMERIC Research - Methods that seek to obtain info about the social world that is already or can be converted into numeric form |
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(Research) Inductive vs Deductive Research
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Inductive - Observation to Theory
Deductive - Theory to Observation |
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(Research) Hypothesis
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Proposed relationship between TWO VARIABLES
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(Research) Operationalization
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The process of assigning a precise method for measuring variables for a certain topic and study.
Making your research more VALID |
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(Research) Validity vs Reliability
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Validity - How accurate your measurements are
Reliability - How repeatable and consistent your research is |
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(Research) Generalizability
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How far do your findings span
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(Research) Reflexivity
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How might the researchers themselves tarnish the validity of the research
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(Research) Population
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The pool from which you pick your sample out of
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(Research) Sample
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The selection of a population
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(Research) Feminist methods
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Feminist Methodology - A set of systems/methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, that promote social science for women, and take into account the research as much as the overt subject matter.
Takes the power distance of researcher and participant int account Doesn't look at feminism INSTEAD of other areas, but IN ADDITION TO Think Public Sociology but for a specific half of the public |
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(Research) Participant Observation
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Participant Observation - A qualitative research method of observing social actions in practice.
Includes participating or simply observing |
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(Research) Historical/Archival Methods
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Research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals...
AKA Archival methods |
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(Research) Comparative research
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Cross-cultural research that might look at two seperate countries who share many similarities but differ in one other way.
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(Research) Experimental Methods
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Methods that seek to alter something in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields. Often compared to a control group.
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(Research) Content Analysis
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Looking at CONTENT over STRUCTURE of a communication.
Written work, speech, film... |
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(Research) Public Sociology
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Doing sociological research with the aim to benefit society rather than simply studying it/status quo.
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(Research) "Sidewalk" Dunier.
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The social structure of sidewalk life hangs partly on what can be called *self-appointed public characters*. A public character is anyone who is in frequent contact with a wide circle of people and who is sufficiently interested to make himself a public character. A public character need have no special talents or wisdom to fulfill his function-although he often does. He just needs to be present, and there needs to be enough of his counterparts. His main qualification is that he is public, that he talks to lots of different people. In this way, news travels that is of sidewalk interest.
They are street vendors people you would trust your belongings with or let you know if you kids are misbehaving. Is suggested that broken window theory sums up why new york street vendors aren't as friendly anymore. Broken Window Theory: Minor signs of disorder leads to serious crime |
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(Research) Ethnography
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is research designed to explore cultural phenomena. An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing, the culture of a group.
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(SCR) Social Construction of Reality
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FACTS, KNOWLEDGE, and TRUTH are SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS
The process through which facts, knowledge and the truth are discovered, made known, reaffirmed, and altered by the members of a society -if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. |
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(SCR) Symbolic Interaction
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Symbolic Interactionism - A micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions are the basic motivations behind people's actions.
THREE BASIC TENETS: 1. Humans act toward ideas, concepts, and values on the basis of the meaning that those things have for them 2. These meanings are the products of social interaction of human society 3. The meanings are modified and filtered through an interpretive process that each individual uses in dealing with outward signs. |
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(SCR) Goffman's "Presentation of Self"
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Impressions given - Bro might overdress to be cool, says he like peanuts
Impressions given off - Bro will probably look like a clown, actually allergic to nuts |
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(SCR) Dramaturgical Theory
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Reality is constructed and reproduced through everyday interaction/rituals
Greetings/handshakes, are constructed rituals. |
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(SCR) Front/Back Stage
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Frontstage/backstage - Social interaction is frontstage, how you are alone or with people you are comfortable with being yourself is backstage.
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(SCR) Scripts
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Ways to act in particular situations.
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(SCR) Face
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The esteem in which an individual is held by others
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(SCR) Working Consensus
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An agreed upon meaning of the current social situation
-Not bringing up that someone has a stain on their shirt or booger in their nose |
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(SCR) Ethnomethodology
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Focuses on the way we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order.
Literally "the methods of the people". |
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(SCR) Sociology of Knowledge
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What we know as truth is a product of the culture and historical context in which we exist
Until 1973, homosexuals were seen as mentally ill. Suddenly, because of the decision of an institution, gay people were suddenly sane again. |
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(SCR) 9/11 Deaths Illustration
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People see the 3,000 deaths from 9/11 as tremendously more tragic than the 450,000 annual deaths to tobacco or 18,000 vehicle accidents
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(SCR) Rosenhan's "Being Sane in Insane Places"
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Normality and abnormality are not universal characterizations.
It turns out that it is difficult to truly tell if somebody is insane or not, and that many people labeled as insane could possibly be as sane as anybody else. |
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(Theory) Enlightenment age (1800s)
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1. The emergence of the ideal of Political Liberty. Used to technically be commies.
2. Political revolutions occurred. (American Revolution and French revolution brought it about) 3. Rise of science and rational thought. |
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(Theory) Industrial revolution (1900s)
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1. Drastic shift from agrarian society to industrial within 100 yrs
2. Urbanization - The push and pull of people to the city |
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(Theory) Marx
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One of the more acclaimed sociologists. Talks about "historical materialism" and industrialization in regards to class and power.
Historical Materialism - A theory about what drives history. Stated to be that it was primarily the conflict between classes that drove social change. Believes that history is an account of man's struggle to gain control of others and to dominate his natural environment. Believes capitalism strongly follows this law. There is only a small number of actual capitalists, with the rests being workers and pawns. |
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(Theory) Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
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Proletariat - The workers
Bourgeoisie - The production owners/ "True capitalists" |
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(Theory) Private Property
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Private Property - Better thought of "Productive Property". Property that can be used for capitalist production. Not really focused on clothes or phones or your own house, but factories and resources.
HELD IN INDIVIDUAL HANDS, NOT A COLLECTIVE OF OWNERS. Includes stuff like healthcare, vaccines, music... His entire analysis of capitalism as a social system is based on the idea of private property. Primary objective was to abolish private property. Private property is a staple of Capitalism. |
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(Theory) Surplus Value
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Surplus Value - When a production is owned by a private property owner, a very small amount of the profits actually go to the people that do most of the work. It's the diff between the value you produce and what you're paid.
Capitalism has no choice but to extract value out of the worker's pockets. |
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(Theory) False Consciousness
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Proletariat's belief that the bourgeoisie are fair to them, or even greatly beneficial to them; they don't know how much they're truly being screwed over.
Middle/upper classes might also falsely believe that they are not a part of the proletariat class. |
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(Theory) Exploitation
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Basically sums up surplus value and the ****** side-effects of capitalism in general...
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(Theory) Class Struggle
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Class Struggle - The struggle between who owns the productions vs workforce.
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(Theory) Alienation
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Marx's reading where people feel alienated when the work they do doesn't allow any creative input.
Results in *Species-Being* - A mindless state of uncreativity and primitiveness |
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(Theory) Weber
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Wrote about Economy and Society, talking about how our reasons for having a capitalist nature roots back to medieval ethics of virturous poverty and replacing it with the idea that saw riches as a sign of divine providence. Amongst other things.
sociologist must understand the meanings people attach to their actions. Assumes human nature can be pretty subjective |
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(Theory) Bureaucracy
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Thought it was a good idea, wanted it to lead to rationality.
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(Theory) Rationality
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The replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior for rational and calculated ones (seen in a bureaucracy)
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(Theory) Iron Cage
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Three avenues to power in modern society: CLASS, STATUS, PARTY.
Webers sort of negative view of bureaucracy |
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(Theory) Inconvenient Facts
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Facts that don't fit to your understanding of life
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(Theory) "Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism"
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Webers works that look at how it was once noble and godly to be poor, but now the wealthy are idolozed an seen as gods
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(Theory) Work in a "Calling"
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works not a simple way to survive, but to show that gods light has shown upon you.
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(Theory) Durkheim
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The father of sociology.
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(Theory) Division of Labor
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observes that the division of labour appears in all societies and positively correlates with societal advancement because it increases as a society progresses.
Looks at organic and mechanical solidarity |
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(Theory) Mechanical Solidarity
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PRE-modern.
Society is based on traditional society. There is MORE division of labor/specialization of roles. You go to the cloth guy then to the sewing guy and so on... |
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(Theory) Organic Solidarity
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MODERN
LESS division of labor due to industrialization. Roles become interdependent upon each other within an industry |
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(Theory) Anomie
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Anomie - The sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable, usually from changes in living conditions and/or changes in social arrangements.
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(Theory) Social Integration
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the blending and unifying of social groups, most commonly seen in the desegregation of races throughout history. Social factors lead to individual motives and stresses. Can lead to Anomie and increased suicides
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(Theory) Postmodernism
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A skeptical interpretations of culture
"Red light means stop to some people and go to others and something else to others" Results include different perceptions of realities. (Humanistic/scientific/social construct) |
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(Culture) Culture
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Culture - A collection of ideas, values, practices, and material objects shared by a social group.
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(Culture) Norms
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Culturally defined rules of conduct within a culture.
**levels: Mores, folkways, sanctions... |
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(Culture) Values
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Values - Standards defining what a group or society considers good, desirable, right, and important.
Marriage, education ,reliability, freedoms, wealth, equal opportunity, hard work... |
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(Culture) Cultural Relativity
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Cultural Relativism - Taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment and placing values on things.
Opposite of ethnocentrism |
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(Culture) Material Culture
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Material Culture - Everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment.
Technology, buildings, art, fashion.... |
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(Culture) Non-material Culture
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Nonmaterial Culture - Values, beliefs, behaviors, ideology, and social norms
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(Culture) Ideology
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Ideologies - A system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect.
You can't use the first-class bathroom if you buy the coach ticket, religion, science... |
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(Culture) Subculture
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Subculture - The distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to members in that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture.
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(Culture) Mores
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Mores - Has a moral significance. (don't chop off hands, cheat...)
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(Culture) Folkways
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Folkways - Normality's. Anything that makes you not look like a weirdo.
Using eating utensils, urinals... |
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(Culture) Sanctions
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Sanctions - Punishments for norm violations. Going to jail for murder, being
looked down upon, not valued, rehabilitation |
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(Culture) Symbols
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Symbols - Something used to represent or stand for something else. (Newman p.46)
American flag, the cross, pink ribbons, recycle logo |
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(Culture) Language
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Language is a symbol - Written or spoken system of symbols that convey meaning.
Language is the most powerful symbol through which social reality is constructed and maintained. |
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(Culture) Power and Culture
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Power - Ability to assign meaning to symbols is often contentious and contested
Influence over culture increases power to define social reality Some power-contested symbols such as the Redskins... |
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(Culture) Significance of Culture
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3a. Humans need culture to survive.
We are not human without culture. Very little is actually "human nature". We learn most of our behaviors and have little social instinct 3b. Culture guides human behavior 3c. Culture gives meaning to our lives |
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(Culture) Anderson's "Code of the Streets"
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Talked about street families and normal families, kids fight for manhood, status, protection...
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(Socialization) Socialization
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The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society.
Knowing how to follow basic human norms... |
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(Socialization) The Self
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The self - The individual identity of a person as a perceived by that person
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(Socialization) Identity Formation
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You form your identity through the other people around you. Includes Looking Glass Self, Generalized Order, Self Fulfilling Prophecies..
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(Socialization) Looking Glass Self
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Looking glass self - Sense of who we are defined by the reflected appraisals of others. You see yourself as how others see you.
We sometimes might actually doubt our sanity if people wrongly believe we are insane |
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(Socialization) Generalized Other
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The internalized sense of the expectations of others
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(Socialization) Status
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Status - A recognizable social position that an individual occupies
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(Socialization) Status Set
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Status set - All the statuses one holds at one time.
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(Socialization) Ascribed Status
Achieved Status Master Status |
Ascribed Status - Being born into your status, such as a prince...
Achieved Status - Earned it.. Master Status - One status within your set that is more apparent than others ex - Gay, king, disabled... |
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(Socialization) Role
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Roles - The duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status
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(Socialization) Role Strain
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Role strain - The incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
Struggling to keep up with making theories and giving lectures... |
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(Socialization) Role Conflict
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2d. Role Conflict - The tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses
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(Socialization) Agents of Socialization (who forms how you socialize):
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family
schools peers media work religion |
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(Socialization) Lorber readings
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Gender and race are seen as "Difference" within a society.
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(Socialization) Racial Transparency
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The way we "normalize" the dominant race in a society. White people don't typically see themselves as even having a race sometimes.
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(Socialization) Social Reproduction
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The emphasis on the structures and activities that transmit social inequality from one generation to the next”
Financial capital refers to the income and wealth of a person. Financial capital will influence the cultural capital one receives. Cultural capital is the shared outlook, beliefs, knowledge, and skills that are passed between generations. Cultural capital influences Human capital, which refers to the education and job training a person receives. Human capital creates the ability for one to attain social capital, which is essentially the social network to which one belongs Social capital can largely influence one’s ability to find an internship or job. |
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(Socialization) Social Control
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Social Control - Mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals. The act of abiding by society’s norms or simply following the rules of group life.
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(Socialization) Forces of Social Control
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Formal Social Sanctions – Rules or laws prohibiting deviant criminal behavior.
Laws against rape, murder, theft… Informal Social Sanctions – Unwritten, but widely known rules of group membership. It is Ultimately the bedrock for which formal roles rest upon. |
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(Socialization) Conformists, ritualists, innovators, retreatists, rebels
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1. Conformist – Individual who accepts both the goals and the strategies to achieve them in Socially acceptable ways.
Goal is to have a nuclear family and 3 kids 2. Ritualist – Individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means to achieve them. Goal is to have a studio apartment and be a shut in, but still go to work and school. 3. Innovator – Social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially Acceptable means to achieve them Could sell drugs or join the mafia… 4. Retreatist – Rejects BOTH traditional goals and means. Completely retreats and doesn’t participate in society Think ‘Into The Wild’ 5. Rebel – Also rejects both, but also wants to ALTER OR DESTROY the social institutions from which they are alienated. |
