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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociological Imagination |
Our paradigm; a way which we make sense of the world around us
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"Strange in the familiar"
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Reassessing the familiar; letting ourselves be surprised by seemingly 'normal' occurrences
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What are the main reasons sociology emerged?
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Industrialism, political changes, social changes, creation of cities |
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Who coined the term sociology? Discuss him/her.
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Auguste Comte; Social physics, positivism
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Theory
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Asserting a reason for how/why things are a certain way. |
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Paradigm
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How we view the world - ex: see differently from rose-colored glasses than bifocals
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Describe the functionalist paradigm.
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Different aspects of society work together to form an equilibrium; everything is a certain way for a reason; if something goes awry, minor changes will occur to regain equilibrium |
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Robert Merton
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Manifest/latent functions of societal institutions
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Social fact
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Any external factor that can exert influence over an individual (i.e. social norms)
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Anomie
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Individual feeling of aimlessness/hopelessness when life feels unpredictable due to lack of norms/social direction
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Conflict paradigm
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Karl Marx; conflict is the source of social change; no harmony; all inequality and change; emphasis on power/coercion; change is normal
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Deductive vs. Inductive inquiry
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Deductive - taking theory, developing hypothesis, collecting data, confirmation/rejection of theory
Inductive: Begin with data, assess pattern, develop hypothesis, derive theory (opposites of each other, like a wheel, intertwined) |
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Why do sociologists use systematic research?
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Validity (measurement produces accurate results) |
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Spurious correlation
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When you think A causes B but in reality, C causes both A and B
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What are some ethical requirements when doing research?
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Confidentiality, voluntary participation, lack of harm, informed consent, professional standards
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Types of research questions
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Empirical, Moral, Aesthetic, Interpretive
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Examples of social patterns
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Institutions, social class, culture
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Structure
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Social forces, institutions
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Agency
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Individual actions/responses
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Questions sociologists ask
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What are people doing here? |
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Social Ecology
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Human's behaviors and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments
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Positivist Sociology
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Social world described/predicted by certain describable relationships (related to social physics)
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Social identity
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Grand narrative of a person |
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Micro-level theory; shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form basic motivations for people's actions
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Feminist Theory
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Emphasis on conflict and political reform; belief that sociology and society subordinate women |
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Double consciousness
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Mechanism used by African-Americans to maintain two different social spheres
(1. as an ordinary person in society, 2. as a person being analyzed because of race) |
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Social construction
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An entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and enforce its existence
Includes formal rules and informal norms (ex: we use dollars for money, in reality it's just paper that we use as a form of exchange because it's green and has a special stamp) |
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Corporation
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Legal entity unto itself that has legal personhood distinct from its members |
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Adam Smith
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Father of Liberal Economics;
Money as agent of social change, positive thing in society |
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Georg Simmel
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Money as depersonalization of exchange, less interactive society
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Reflexivity
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When doing research, analyzing the extent of the white-coat effect on results
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Hawthorne Effect
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Perform better because you're part of an experiment |
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Demand Effects
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When a research participant predicts/suspects the theory/hypothesis of the research and alters behavior to conform/dispel it
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