Intro To Soc Chp 15

Front 1

Identify: demography

Back 1

the study of human population

Front 2

Identify: fertility

Back 2

-the incidence of childbearing in a country's population
- demographers describe fertility using the "crude birth rate" (see other card)

Front 3

Identify:crude birth rate

Back 3

the number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population

Front 4

Identify: mortality

Back 4

-the incidence of death in a country's population
-demographers measure mortality using both the "crude death rate" and the "infant mortality rate" (see other cards)

Front 5

Identify: crude death rate

Back 5

the number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population

Front 6

Identify: infant mortality rate

Back 6

the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year

Front 7

Identify: life expectancy

Back 7

the average life span of a country's population

Front 8

Identify: migration

Back 8

-the movement of people into and out of a specified territory
- the "net migration rate" is the difference between the in-migration rate and the out-migration

Front 9

Identify: sex ratio

Back 9

the number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population

Front 10

Identify: age-sex pyramid

Back 10

the graphic representation` of the age and sex of a population

Front 11

Identify: demographic transition theory

Back 11

a thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development

Front 12

Identify: zero population growth

Back 12

the level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level

Front 13

Identify: urban ization

Back 13

the concentration of population into cities

Front 14

Identify: metropolis

Back 14

a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area

Front 15

Identify: suburbs

Back 15

urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city

Front 16

Identify: megaloplis

Back 16

a vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs

Front 17

Identify: "gemeinschaft"

Back 17

a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition

Front 18

Identify: "Gesellschaft"

Back 18

a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest

Front 19

Identify: urban ecology

Back 19

the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities

Front 20

Identify: Lous Wirth

Back 20

saw large, dense, hetrogeneous populations creating an impersonal and self-interested, though tolerant, way of life

Front 21

Identify: ecology

Back 21

the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment

Front 22

Identify: natural environment

Back 22

Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life

Front 23

Identify: ecosystem

Back 23

a system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural enviornment

Front 24

Identify: environmental deficit

Back 24

profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence

Front 25

Identify: rain forests

Back 25

regions of dense forestation, most of which circle the globe close to the equator

Front 26

Identify: global warming

Back 26

a rise in Earth's average temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmoshere

Front 27

Identify: environmental racism

Back 27

patterns that make environmental hazards greatest for poor people, especially minorities

Front 28

Identify: ecologically sustainable culture

Back 28

a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations

Front 29

Expound upon population growth

Back 29

In general, rich nations grow almost as much from immigration as from natural increase; poorer nations grow almost entierly from natural increase

Front 30

Expound upon population composition

Back 30

Demographers use age-sex pyramids to show graphically the composition of a population and to project population trends

Front 31

Expound on: History and Theory of Population Growth

Back 31

-Historically, world population grew slowly because high birth rates were offset by high death rates
- About 1750, a demographic transition began as world population rose sharply, mostly due to falling death rates
- In the late 1700s, Thomas Robert Malthus warned that population growth would outpace food production, resulting in social calamity
- Demographic transition theory contends that technological advances gradually slow population increase
-World population is expected to reach between 8 billion and 9 billion by 2050

Front 32

Explain the First Urban Revolution

Back 32

-began with the appearance of cities about 10,000 years ago
- By about 2,000 years ago, cities had emerged in most regions of the world except North America and Antarctica
- Preidustrial cities have low-rise buildings; narrow, winding streets; and personal social ties

Front 33

Explain the Second Urban Revolution

Back 33

-Began about 1750 as the Industrial Revolution propelled rapid urban growth in Europe
-The physical form of cities changed as planners created wide, regular streets to allow for more trade
- The emphasis on commerce, as well as the increase size of cities, made urban life more impersonal

Front 34

Explain Urbanization in the United States

Back 34

- came to North America with European colonists
- By 1850, hundreds of new cities have been founded from coast to coast
- By 1920, a majority of the US population lived in Urban areas
- Since 1950,teh decentralization of cities has resulted in the growth of suburbs and edge cities and a "rebound" in rural population.
- Nationally, Sunbelt cities-but not the older Snowbelt cities- are increasing in size and population

Front 35

Idenitfy Ferdinand Tonnies:

Back 35

-built his analysis on the concepts of
"Gemeinschaft" and Gesellshaft"

- Gemeinschaft= typical of the rural village, joins people in what amounts to a single primary group
- Gesellshaft= typical of the modern city, describes individuals motivated by their own needs rather than by desire to help improve the well-being of the community

Front 36

identiy Emile Durkheim's view of Urbanization

Back 36

-Agreed with much of Tonnies's thinking but claimed that urbanites do not lack social bonds; the basis of social solidarity simply differs in the two settings. He described:
1. Mechanical Solidarity= social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. This type of social solidarity is typical of traditional, rural life.
2. Organic Solidarity= social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. This type of social solidarity is typical of modern, urban life.

Front 37

Identify Georg Simmel

Back 37

claimed that the overstimulation of city life produced a blase attitude in urbanites

Front 38

Identify: Robert Park

Back 38

at the University of Chicago, claimed that cities permit greater social freedom.

Front 39

Expound upon Urbanization in Poor Nations

Back 39

-The world's first urban revolution took place about 8,000 BCE with the first urban settlements.
- The second urban revolution took place after 1750 in Europe and North America with the Industrial Revolution.
- A third urban revolution is now occurring in poor countries. Today, most of the world's largest cities are found in less developed nations.

Front 40

How is the state of the Environment a social issue?

Back 40

Because it reflects how human beings organize social life.
- Societies increase the environmental deficit by focusing on short-term benefits and ignoring the long-term consequences brought on by their way of life.
- The more complex a society's technology, the greater its capacity to alter the natural environment
- "the logic of growth" thesis supports economic development, claiming that people can solve environmental problems as they arise
- The "limits-to-growth" thesis states that societies must curb development to prevent eventual environmental collapse

Front 41

Environmental Issues include:

Back 41

DISPOSING OF SOLID WASTE- 80% of what we throw away ends up in landfills, which are filling up and which can pollute groundwater under the Earth's surface
PROTECTING THE QUALITY OF WATER AND AIR- The supply of clean water is already low in some parts of the world. Industrial technology has caused a decline in air quality.
PROTECTING THE RAIN FORESTS- rain forests help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and are home to a large share of this planet's living species. Under pressure from development, the world's rain forests are now half their original size and are shrinking by about 1% annually
ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM- Conflict theory has drawn attention to the pattern by which the poor, especially minorities, suffer most from environmental hazzards

Front 42

"demography" is defined as the study of what?

Back 42

Human population

Front 43

Which region of the world has BOTH the lowest birth rate and the lowest infant mortality rate?

Back 43

Europe

Front 44

Typically, high-income nations grow mostly from ____. While low-income nations grow from ______.

Back 44

Immigration; natural increase

Front 45

In general, the higher the average income of a country,

Back 45

the slower the population increase

Front 46

In the United States, urban decentralization has caused

Back 46

- the expansion of suburbs
-the development of vast urban regions
- the growth of edge cities

Front 47

Which term was used by Ferdinand Tonnies to refer to social organization in which people come together on the basis of individual self-interest?

Back 47

Gesellshaft

Front 48

The world's third urban revolution is now taking place in

Back 48

Low-income countires

Front 49

When environmentalists speak of an environmental deficit, they are referring to

Back 49

Long-term harm to the environment caused by a short-sighted focus on material affluence

Front 50

Give an example statement that reflects the limits-to-growth thesis

Back 50

People are rapidly consuming Earth's finite resources.

Front 51

"Environmental Racism" refers to what?

Back 51

The fact that environmental dangers are greatest for the poor and minorities