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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why study communication?
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communicate to satisfy needs, provide a meaning that others will understand
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What is culture?
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beliefs, values, artifacts, ways of communicating, ways of acting
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What are some examples of culture?
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language, laws, religion, ways of acting/thinking
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which view states that some cultures are higher than others and relates to Darwinism view of humainty?
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Cultural evolution
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which term describes the difference of culture but that not any one is better or worse than the others?
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cultural relativism
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what is enculturation?
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The process of learning your culture that you are born into
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Describe acculturation.
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learning the rules and norms of a culture other than your native culture
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What is an assimilationist perspective?
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people should leave their native culture and go to a new one.
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How does culture affect communication?
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talking with friends, lovers, family; interacting in group; topics you talk about and strategies used to inform and persuade; how you use the media and the credibility you give it
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Describe an individualist culture.
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individual values such as power, achievement, hedonism, and stimulation (Americans fall under this category) success is measured by how well you outshine others, and you are responsible for you and you alone.
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What is a collectivist culture?
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benevolence, tradition and conformity (group values) your responsible for contributing to the success of the group
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What is high-context culture?
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information shared through assumptions, information is communicated but not stated explicitly.
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In which culture are messages clearly verbalized?
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low-context culture.
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define high-power-distance-cultures.
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Power is held by the few and there is a big gap between the ones that have power and those who don't
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What is low-power-distance culture?
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power is evenly distributed between citizenry
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What is studying communication going to do for you?
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1. help you make connections
2. provide you with skills to make a difference when confronted with new ideas and challenges 3. truly effective communicators have information worth communicating, and have the desire to connect with their listener. |
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Why is ethics important?
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It's going to increase your awareness of communicating in a global village.
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How many Americans define themselves a non-white?
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1 in 4
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What are some cultural differences in general talk?
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opening and closing conversations, interrupting, knowing when to use humor, using nonverbal behavior, knowing proper balance of speech and listening
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How is culture primarily passed on?
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through culture
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Why is communication dynamic?
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It is constantly moving
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What part of communication is the way you sit/look?
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Interactional/transactional
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What are complementary transactions?
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bringing your own ideas to the conversation and how you build on others ideas/sayings
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Define communication.
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the act by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages distorted by noise, occur within a context and provide feedback
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What are the transactional modes of communication?
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simultaneous sending and receiving, all elements are constantly in motion and you cannot not communicate
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What is the commitment to the beliefs and philosophy of your culture?
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ethnic identity
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What is a stereotype?
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fixed impression of a group of people
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What are messages that contradict themselves?
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mixed messages
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Define the communication accomodation theory.
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speakers change their speaking style based on who their audience is
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what is an ambiguous message?
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messages with more than one potential meaning
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what does the punctuation of communication consist of?
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dividing parts of communication into stimuli and responses
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What is interpersonal communication?
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occurs face-to-face or on the phone or through email (between two ppl)
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what is the tangible or concrete environment in which communication takes place?
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the physical context
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What is the social-psychological context?
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the status relationship among the participants
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What is the temporal (time) context?
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the time of day or time in history in which the communication is taking place
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What is the cultural context?
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the beliefs, values and ways of behaving that are shared by a group of people and passed down from one generation to the next
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what is the act of producing a message?
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encoding
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What is the act of receiving messages and translating the sound waves?
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decoding
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Who are the encoders?
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speakers or writers
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Who are the listeners and readers?
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decoders
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define messages.
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any signal or combination of signals transmitted to the receiver
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What is metacommunication?
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communication about communication
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what are the messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what was said?
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feedback
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what are the 5 dimensions of feedback?
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positive-negative, person-focused message, immediate-delayed, low-monitored-high-monitored and supportive-critical
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which dimension of feedback centers on the person or on the message?
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person-focused message
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Which feedback may take awhile to get to a person?
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immediate-delayed
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what is the low-monitored-high-monitored dimension of feedback?
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feedback varies from spontaneous and totally honest to carefully constructed responses
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which dimension confirms the worth of the person and what the person says?
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supportive-critical
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What is feedforward?
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information you provide before sending your primary message
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What are the 4 major functions of feedforward?
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open the channels of communication, preview the message, altercast and disdain
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which term applies to asking the receiver to approach your message in a particular role or as someone else?
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altercast
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describe the masculine culture.
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people value male aggressivenes, material success and strength; women are valued for modesty
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which type of culture values modesty, concerns for relationships and the quality of life?
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feminine culture
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What does transactional communication mean?
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each person in the communication act is both speaker and listener; each person is simultaneously sending and receiving messages
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Why is communication a process?
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because it is ever changing, ongoing activity
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Which type of communication deals with talking to yourself?
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intrapersonal
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in which communication type do you interact with others, normally two people?
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interpersonal
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What is small group communication?
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when you interact with others, solving problems, sharing knowledge and experiences
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Which type of communication has others informing and persuading you?
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public communication
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In which type of communication are you entertained, informed, and persuaded by the media?
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mass communication
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What is intercultural communication?
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where you communicate with members of other cultures
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which communication deals with input, throughput, and output?
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organizational communication
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How can communication be a nonverbal behavior?
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the clothes you wear, the way you walk, shake hands, cock you head, comb your hair, sit and smile
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describe the linear view of communication.
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the speaker speaks and the listener listens
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what is the interactional view of communication?
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the speaker and listener take turns speaking and listening.
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what are the 4 types of noise?
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physical, physiological, psychological, semantic
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what is physical noise?
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interference that is external to both speaker and listener
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which type of noise is a physical barrier within the speaker or listener?
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physiological noise
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what are psychological noises"?
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cognitive or mental interference
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Describe semantic noise.
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different meanings are used by speaker and listener (such as people speaking a different language or speaking more complexly than the listener comprehends)
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how is effect implemented in communication?
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There is always an outcome or consequence from an action or behavior, communication always has an effect
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what is the term for the medium through which a message passes?
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channel
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what is the nature of communication?
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to discover, to relate, to help, to persuade and to play
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why are speaking and listening skills important?
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they hold societies together
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what is the ideal model of communication?
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transactional communication
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why study self-concept?
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it's the frame through which we communicate, it influences the roles we play and how we behave, and it affects the way we view others
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What is self-concept?
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the internal picture we have of ourselves and the role we play
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who you are is reflected how?
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physically, socially, psychologically, and holistically
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What do self concepts describe?
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what you could or want to be
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What do self concepts emphasize?
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uniqueness
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what does self concept stress?
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connectedness to a group and to fitting in with one's group
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How you look at yourself, the mental picture of how you believe you appear to others, and how you picture yourself physically to others are characteristics of what?
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Self-image or self-awareness
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what are some of the things self-image is composed of?
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physical appearance, body shape, academic accomplishments, social skills, value system, relationships, behavior, goals, ambitions, aspirations
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what are self-schemas?
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scripts as to how you believe you should act to fit the image
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What are the four parts to self-image?
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Phsychological(introspection), physical self-image, emotional self-image, intellectual self-image
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What are the two main points of self concept?
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self image and self esteem
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What is self-efficacy?
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the belief in your ability to effectively control specific events in your life
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What are the four concepts of self-efficacy?
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predicting our performance, relationally-based self-efficacy judgments, gut-feeling based, and consequences expected from your performance
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What is self-esteem?
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our personal belief system; your self-appraisal assessment, evaluation; sense of self-worth
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How are people with low self-esteem counterintuitive?
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they pay more attention to negative evaluations; are more likely to have partners with similar self views; experience worse health after experiencing positive events
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What are the negative core beliefs?
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not good enough, powerless, don't know, in danger, defective/imperfect
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How does self-concept develop?
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others tell us who we are; social comparisons; culture; and gender
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what is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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occurs when a person's expectations of an event make the outcome more likely to occur
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what are the two types of self-fulfilling prophecies?
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self-imposed prophecies and imposed prophecies by others
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what are 4 steps to maintaining a healthy and self-empowering self-concept?
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1. identify yourself with a strong opinion of self 2. find positive role models to guide you 3. take time to reflect and become aware of your personal needs and motivations 4. try different experiences
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Which term describes when the sender and receiver miss each other with their meanings?
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bypassing
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what is denotation?
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the meaning that memebers of a culture assign to a word
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which word refers to the emotional meaning that specific speakers-listeners give to a word?
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connotation
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What are snarl words?
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very negative
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what are purr words?
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positive meanings
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Which part of language communicates your meaning explicitly and leaves little doubt for the thoughts you are trying to convey?
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direct speech
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What is the term for communicating in a roundabout way?
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indirect speech
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define disconfirmation.
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a communication pattern in which we ignore someone's presence as well as what they are communicating
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what is rejection?
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you disagree with the person, you are unwilling to accept somethin the other person says or does
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what is it called when you acknowledge the presence of the other person but also accept the person?
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confirmation
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What is intensional orientation?
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the tendency to view people, objects, and events according to the way they are talked about
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what is extensional orientation?
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tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, and events and then look at their labels
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What is a language distortion where one assumes that all can be known or is known about a given person?
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allness
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What is fact-interference confusion?
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when someone makes an inference and thinks its a fact and acts upon it as a fact but really isn't
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What is static evaluation?
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making evaluations without change while the thing/person being discussed is changing
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What is indiscrimination?
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not evaluating an individual as unique, categorizing them in a group
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What is polarization?
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the tendency to look at the world in terms of opposites and to describe it in extremes
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