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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Multiphrenia
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(Gergen)
splitting of the individual into many different selves |
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Ethnocentrism
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tendency to think our own culture is superior to other cultures
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Dialogical Approach
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(Evanoff)
emphasizes the importance of relationships and dialogues between individuals and communities in wrestling with ethical dilemmas |
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Dialectical Approach
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An approach to intercultural communication that integrates three approaches--functionalist, interpretive, and critical--in understanding culture and communication. It recognizes and accepts that the three approaches are interconnected and sometimes contradictory
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Colonialism
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1) they system by which groups with diverse language, culture, religions, and identities were united to form one state (usually by Europe)
2) the system by which a country maintains power over other countries/groups or people to exploit them economically, politically, and culturally |
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Self-reflexivity
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-process of learning to understand oneself and one's position in society
-in learning about other cultures and cultural practices, we often learn much about ourselves |
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Imperatives for studying Intercultural Communication
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1. Self Awareness Imperative
-raises awareness of our own cultural identity and background -understand own cultural identity and similarity/differences that exists around the world -avoid ethnocentrism 2. Demographic Imperative -changing U.S. demographics -triple in Hispanic population -double in Asian population -same number in African Americans -Immigration -African American -->loss of culture/country -Relationship with New Immigrants -Immigration & Economic classes -Religious Diversity 3. Economic Imperative -Businesses 4. Technological Imperative -Global Village (Marshall McLuhan) -Tech. & Human Comm -Increase in info, contact with people who differ/similar, internet pros and cons -Identity, Culture and Tech -identity management -multiphrenia -identity tourism -Access to communication technology 5. Peace Imperative -Can diverse groups get |
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Diaspora
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Ethnic and/or national groups that are geographically dispersed throughout the world, sometimes as refugees from war, sometimes as voluntary emigrants
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Global Village
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(Marshall McLuhan-1960s) that refers to a world in which communication technology unites people in remote parts of the world
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Melting Pot
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a metaphor that assumes that immigrants and cultural minorities will be assimilated into the U.S majority culture, losing their original cultures
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Foreign Service Institute (FSI)
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1946 passed the Foreign Service ACT and established FSI, hired Edward T. Hall and other prominent anthropologists and linguists to develop "predeparture" courses for overseas workers. Originated the intercultural communication field:Nonverbal Comm, Cross-Cultural training, Emphasis on International Settings, interdisciplinary focus
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Edward T. Hall
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hired by the FSI, nonverbal com, changes from culture to culture, proxemics, distances zones (intimate, personal, social and public)
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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(Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf) The assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality and represents the relativist view of language and perception
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Three Approaches to studying Intercultural Communication
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1. Social Science
-Discipline: psychology -Research goal: Describe and predict behavior -Assumption of reality: external and describable -Assumption of human behavior: predictable -Method of study: survey, observation -Relationship of culture and comm: comm influenced by culture -Contribution to the approach: identifies cultural variations; recognizes cultural differences in many aspects of comm. but often does not consider context 2. Interpretive -Discipline: Anthro, sociolinguistics -Research goal: Describe behavior -Assumption of reality: subjectivity -Assumption of human behavior: creative and voluntary -Method of study: participant observation, field study -Relationship of culture and comm: culture created and maintained through comm -Contribution of the approach: Emphasizes that comm and culture and cultural difference should be studied in context 3. Critical -Discipline: Various -Research goal: Change behavior -Assumption of reality: subjective and material -Assumption of human behavior: changeable |
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Anxiety uncertainty management theory
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the view that the reduction of anxiety and uncertainty plays an important role in successful intercultural communication, particularly when experiencing new cultures
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Collectivism
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the tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the ingroup rather than individuals' own goals, needs, and views
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Individualism
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the tendency to emphasize individual identities, beliefs, needs, goals, and views rather than those of the group
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Communication Accommodation theory
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the view that individuals adjust their verbal communication and nonverbal to facilitate understanding
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Diffusion of Innovations theory
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(Everett Rogers) the view that communication and relationships play important roles in how new ideas are adopted (or not) by individuals and groups
-explains how cultural practices can be changed--largely due to communication |
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Proxemics
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(E.T. Hall) study of how people use space to communicate
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Kinds of Histories
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1. Racial and Ethnic Histories
2. Gender Histories 3. Sexual Orientation Histories 4. Diasporic Histories (the histories of the ways in which international cultural groups were created through transnational migration, slavery, religious crusades, or other historical forces 5. Colonial Histories (the histories that legitimate international invasions/annexations) 6. Socioeconomic Class Histories 7. Religious Histories |
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Four elements of personal histories
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1. childhood experiences
2. historical myths 3. language they speak 4. recent, vivid events |
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Contact hypothesis
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the notion that better communication between groups of people is facilitated simply by brining them together and allowing them to interact
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Grand Narrative
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the overarching, all-encompassing story of a nation or humankind in general
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The different approaches to language
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-Social Science Perspective
-->focuses on the individual aspects of language use: the components of language, language perception and thought, and on the way of cultural groups that use language in different ways --semantics: study of meaning --syntactics: grammar --pragmatic: use --phonetics: sound/pronounced -Nominalist Position -->perception is not shaped by the particular language we speak -->an arbitrary "outer form of thought" -Relativist Position -->particular language we speak determines our thought patterns, perceptions of reality, and important cultural component |
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High/Low context
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-High: contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues, rather than in words
-Low: information conveyed in words rather than nonverbal cues and contexts |
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Co-cultural group orientations to the dominant group
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-Assimilation
-->Nonassertive: emphasizing commonalities, develop positive face, censor self, averting controversy -->Assertive: extensive preparation, overcompensating, manipulation, stereotypes, bargaining -->Aggressive: dissociating, mirroring, strategic distancing, ridicule self -Accommodation -->Nonassertive: Increasing visibility, dispelling stereotypes -->Assertive: Communication self, intragroup networking, exemplifying strengths, embracing stereotypes -->Aggressive: confronting, gaining advantage -Separation -->Nonassertive: avoiding, maintaining interpersonal boundaries -->Assertive: communicating self, intragroup networking, exemplifying strengths, embracing stereotypes -->Aggressive: attacking, sabotaging others |
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Code-switching
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a technical term in communication that refers to the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects of even accents (ex-Spanglish)
Reasons: 1. Accommodate others 2. Avoid accommodation 3. Express another aspect of their cultural identity |
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Interlanguage
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A kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language, the native language's semantics, syntactic, pragmatics, phonetics, and language often overlap and create a third way of communication
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