Inorg Chem Acid, Base, And Buffers

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Acids and bases

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Frequently employed in the conversion of drugs to chemical forms convenieny to their product formulation

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Buffers

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Maintains pH of various formulation with prescribed limits

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Antioxidants

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Prevents oxidative decomposition of pharmaceutically active components

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Waters

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primary solvents or liquid phase in most liquid pharmaceutical preparations

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Glass

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For storage and as a dispensing container of most drug products

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Bronsted-Lowry concept

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Acid is described as a proton donor, whereas a base is defined as a proton acceptor

Acid and its base are related to the P/A of proton and are known as conjugate pair

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Neutralization

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Is the reaction between an acid and hydroxide base to form a salt and water

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Acid

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Proton donor

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Base

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Proton acceptor

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Conjugate pair

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Acid and its base are related to the P/A of proton and are known as a ______

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Electrolytes

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Either acids or bars that produce ions in aqueous solutions to conduct electricity

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Strong electrolytes

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Is a substance that ionizes or dissociates to a large extent (70-100%) into ions in an aqueous solutions

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Weak electrolytes

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Substance that ionizes or dissociates to a small extent into ions in an aqueous solution

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Boric acid

Hydrochloric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphoric acid and diluted phosphoric acid

Sulfuric acid

Acetic acid

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Official inorganic acids

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Boric acid

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Synonyms: Boracic acid, hydrogen borate, orthoboric acid, H3BO3

Occurence: found in seawaters, certain plants, in nearly all fruits and in some volcanic steam jets

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Sassolite

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Native boric acid

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Boric acid

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Stable in air

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Water and alcohol

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Boric acid is stable in _____ and _____

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Glycerin

Boiling water

Boiling alcohol

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Boric acid is freely soluble in ?

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HCl (aq)

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Addition of this in boric acid decreases the solubility of Boric acid

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Boric acid

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Is not absorbed through intact skin but is highly toxic when ingested orally

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Boric acid

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For many years it is used in solutions, ointments and dusting powder as an antiseptic

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Weak bacteriostatic agent

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Boric acid as antiseptic is a ____

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2.5% - 4.5% eyewash

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Boric acid used in this concentration (the more concentrated solution should be diluted with water before used)

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opthalmic solutions (1.9% Boric acid with a pH of 5)

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Boric acid is used as a buffer for this and preparations like Aluminum Acetate USP XVII and Aluminum Subacetate Solution XVIII

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maintain an acidic pH

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Boric acid is used as a buffer for topical medication to _____

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Boroglycerin Glycerite

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Boric acid will react with glycerin to form this which is used as a suppository base

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Hydrochloric acid

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Aka: muriatic acid, spirit of sea salt, marine acid, chlorhydric acid

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Hydrochloric acid

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Is an aqueous solutionnof hydrogen chloride gas containing NLT 35% and NMT 38% by weight of HCl

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Colorless, fuming liquid having a pungent odor.

-non fuming liquid solution can be prepared by diluting HCl with two volumes of H2O

-it is more ionized than most acids and attacks many metals with evolution of hydrogen gas

Can be oxidized in the evolution of chlorine gas

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Properties of HCl

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Diluting HCl with 2 volumes of H2O

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Non fuming liquid solution can be prepared by ____

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Hydrogen gas

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HCL is more ionized than most acids and attacks many metals with the evolution of ____

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Chlorine gas

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HCl can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents resulting in the evolution of _____

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Muriatic acid (from the latin word brine)

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Contains 30% HCl and a number of impurities including chlorine, arsenous, and sulfurous acids and iron

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Acidifying agent

Utilized to convert normally water insoluble organic bases into water soluble ones.

Salts of organic amines are solid form (easy to incorporate into solid dosage form)

Most drugs are available as HCl salts

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Uses of HCl

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Water soluble ones

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Utilized to convert normally water insoluble organic bases

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Salts of organic amines

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They are solid form (easy to incorporate into solid dosage forms)

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HCl is hygroscopic

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Disadvantage of HCl

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Diluted hydrochloric acid

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Is a solution of hydrogen chloride gas containing NLT 9.5 g and NMT 10.5 g of HCl in each 100 mL of solution

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pepsinogen --> pepsin and as a gastric antiseptic

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Diluted hydrochloric acid exists normally in the gastric juice (0.2 HCl) aiding in the conversion of this and as a _____

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Treatment of achlorhydria and hypochlor-hydria

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Diluted hydrochloric acid

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Achlorhydria

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Absence of HCl

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Hypochlor-hydria

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Deficiency of hydrochloric acid

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1-10 cc

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Diluted HCl is given in doses _____

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Glutamic Acid HCl and Betaine HCl

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To avoid its difficulty, the preparations such as ___ and ______ has been advocated. They are in capsule form.

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Nitric acid

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Aka: Spirit of Nitre, aqua fortis, aqua fuerte, HNO3

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Nitric acid

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An aqueos solution containing 69-71% by weight of HNO3.

It is a highly corrosive fuming liquid having a characteristic, highly irritating odor.

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Xanthoproteic test

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HNO3 produces a yellow stain on animal tissue due to aromatic amino acids present. This reaction is known ____

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Nitric acid

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It is a strong monoprotic acid, oxidizing agent and nitrating agent.

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HNO2

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Oxidizing property of nitric acid is enhanced by the presence of ____ which is a product of photochemical decomposition of HNO3

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Nitrate salt

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It Oxidizes common metals except Au and Pt to produce a _____

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TNT

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Nitrating properties of HNO3 is used in organic chemistry. Example: in the production of ___

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Nitric acid

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Used as an acidifying agent.

It is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, coal tar dyes, and explosives

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Pyroxylin

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Nitric acid is used as a nitrating agent in ____

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Milk of Bismuth

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Nitric acid is the source of nitrate ion in the preparation of _____

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Nitric acid

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Used externally to destroy chancres and warts

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Orthophosporic acid, H3PO4

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Other name for phosphoric acid

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Phosphoric acid

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is an aqueous solution containing NLT 85% and NMT 88% by weight of H3PO4

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Phosphoric acid

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It is non volatile and has no oxidizing properties thus enabling its use when a non oxidizing is required

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Phosphoric acid

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Uses: Acidifying agent

Used as a buffer (added with NaOH to produce mixtures of HPO4-2 and H3PO4)

Used as a solvent in the preparation of Anileridine Injection

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Anileridine Injection

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Phosphoric acid is used as a solvent in the preparation of ___

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Diluted phosphoric acid

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Contains NLT 9.5 and NMT 10.5 g of H3PO4

It used as a tonic and stimulant to gastric mucous membranes

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Sulfuric acid

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Classified as a non official inorganic acid

Colorless, odorless liquid of oily consistency containing NLT 94% and NMT 98% of H2SO4

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Sulfuric acid

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Oil of vitriol, vitriolic acid, aceite de vitriolo

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Sulfur trioxide fumes

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Sulfuric acid when heated strongly heated, it gives off white ____. It can be heated to drive off the fumes

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Sulfuric acid

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It dissolves in water and alcohol with the evolution of heat.

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Dehydrating agent

Oxidizing agent

Sulfonating agent

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Sulfuric acid is used as a ____

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Oleum

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Commercial variety our sulfuric acid which contains about 10% of dissolves SO3

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Sulfuric acid

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Uses:

Used to produce salts of basic organic drugs

Utilized as a dehydrating agent in the preparation of Pyroxylin, USP

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Pyroxylin, USP

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Sulfuric acid is used as a dehydrating agent in the preparation of ______

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Contact or Catalytic Process

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Produces most commercial sulfuric acid today. Uses vanadium and platinized silica gels as a catalyst

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Vanadium and Platinized silica gels

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Catalyst of contact protest

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Lead chamber process

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Produced the most concentrated H2SO4. Mainly used to manufacture fertilizers

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Glaciel acetic acid

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Other name for acetic acid

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Acetic acid

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Irrigation solution with some bacteriostatic properties

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Strong ammonia solution and dilute ammonia solution

Calcium hydroxide

Potassium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium carbonate

Soda lime

Potassium and sodium bicarbonate

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Official inorganic bases

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Strong ammonia solution

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Aka: ammonium hydroxide, strong ammonia water, NH4OH

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Strong ammonia solution

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Contains NLT 27% and NMT 30% be weight of NH3

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Strong ammonia solution

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Upon exposure to air, or loses ammonia immediately

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Caustic nature

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Use care in handling strong ammonia solution because of the ____ of the solution and the irritating properties of its vapor

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Strong ammonia solution

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Uses:

1. Used as a Bronsted base

2. Used in the manufacture of nitric acid and sodium bicarbonate

3. Used in the preparation of aromatic ammonia spirit and ammoniacal silver nitrate solution

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Aromatic Ammonia Spirit and Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution

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Strong ammonia solution used in the preparation of ___ and ____

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Diluted ammonia solution

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Aka: ammonia water, household ammonia

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Diluted ammonia solution

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Contains NLT 9g and NMT 10g of NH3 per 100ml

Prepared by diluting strong ammonia solution

Use: externally, it is a counter irritant

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Calcium hydroxide

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Aka: slaked lime, calcium hydrate, Ca(OH)2

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Calcium hydroxide

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Is prepared from lime or calcium oxide through the addition of water in limited amounts in a slaking process

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Calcium hydroxide solution ( lime water)

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Containing 140mg of Ca(OH)2 per 100ml of water

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Calcium hydroxide

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White powder having an alkaline and bitter taste. It is slightly soluble in water and very slightly soluble in boiling water.

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Glycerin and syrup

Alcohol

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Calcium hydroxide is soluble in ___ and insoluble _____

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CaCO3

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Ca(OH)2 solution has the ability to absorb CO2 in the air to form _____ (this causes the cloudy appearance of Ca(OH)2 solution)

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Fluid electrolyte and topical astringent

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Calcium hydroxide used medicinally as ___ and ___

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Calcium soaps

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Calcium hydroxide used to form __ which have emulsifying properties

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Soda lime

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Calcium hydroxide useful in certain gas traps. It is combined with NaOH to form ____ (used to absorb CO2 from expired air in metabolic function test)

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Potassium hydroxide

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Aka: caustic potash, Potassa, Potash Lye, Atzkali, KOH

Properties:

It is a white or nearly white fused masses, small pellets, flakes or sticks that have crystalline fracture

It is very deliquescent and rapidly absorbs both moisture and carbon dioxide from the air

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Potassium hydroxide

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KOH is a very strong base

It rapidly destroys tissues

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Base and alkaline reagent

Saponifying agent

Replacement for NaOH in soda lime

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Potassium hydroxide uses

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Sodium hydroxide

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Aka: Caustic Soda, sosa, lye, soda iye, NaOH

It is very deliquescent and rapidly absorbs moisture and CO2 (forms Na2CO3) A from the air.

Is a very strong base because it is highly ionized in solution

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Glass wool or asbestos

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Used when filtering NaOH solution

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Rubber stoppers

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NaOH solution should be stored in hard glass, using ____

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Petrolatum or paraffin

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If glass stoppered bottles should be used, apply a little __ and ___ is spread around the stopper

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Sodium hydroxide

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Naoh reacts with all metal salts (except for the alkali metals) to form precipitates

Naoh is used as a Saponifying agent

Naoh rapidly destroys tissues

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Sodium hydroxide

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Alkalinizing agent to form soluble salts of drugs (ex. Nitromersol solution)

Saponifying agent in soap industry

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Sodium carbonate

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Aka: Na2CO3 · H2O, monohydrated sodium carbonate

Official as a monohydrate

It will absorb moisture from the air but in warm, dry air at 50 degrees Celsius or above, it will effloresce becoming anhydrous at 100 degrees Celsius

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Effloresce

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The loss of water of the crystallization from a hydrated state

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NaHCO3

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solutions of sodium carbonate, when treated with co2 in the cold, will form ____

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Solvey process

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Sodium carbonate is usually prepared by ___

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Sodium carbonate

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Used for its basicity to form Na salts of acidic drugs

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Monohydrate

Heptahydrate

Decahydrate

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Hydrated states of Na2CO3

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Monohydrate

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Na2CO3 × H2O

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Heptahydrate

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Na2CO3 × 7H2O

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Decahydrate

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Na2CO3 × 10H2O (sal soda, washing soda)

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Anhydrous state

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Soda ash, calcined soda - it hygroscopic and absorbs to form the monohydrated Na2CO3

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Soda lime

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It is a mixture of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH or KOH

USES:

used in metabolism tests, anesthesia and oxygen therapy

The function of this is to absorb CO2 in a closed system

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Potassium bicarbonate

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Synonyms: potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium acid carbonate

Use: buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations

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Sodium bicarbonate

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Synonyms: sodium hydrogen carbonate

Preferred in the preparation of effervescent preparations containing sodium bicarbonate and organic acids

With water, liberates CO2 that acts as a disintegrator (producing effervesce)

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Buffer

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Is a solution of a weak acid and its salt or weak base and its salt that resist drastic changes in pH when small amounts of acid or bases are added to it

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Chemical stability

Solubility of the drug

Patient's comfort

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Buffer control the pH for ff. reasons

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Alkali in certain inexpensive containers

Gases present in air such as CO2 and NH3

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Some factors which can produce alterations of pH are as follows:

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Buffer systems

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Pairs of related chemical compounds capable of resisting large changes in pH of a solution caused by addition of small amount of acid and base

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Weak acid and the salt of its conjugate base

Weak base and the salt of its conjugate acid

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Buffer systems are composed of ___ or a ____

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Acid

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When an ___ is added in the solution, the basic member will react

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Base

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When an ___ is added in the solution, the acidic member will react

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Repressing changes in H ion concentration

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Each component of the buffer pair will react either acid or base to form the other component ---

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Participate in oxidation- reduction reactions

Alter the solubility of other components

Form complexes with active ingredients

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A selected buffer should not:

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Phosphate buffer system

Borate buffer system

Sorensen buffer system

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Two inorganic buffer systems

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Sorensen buffer system

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Modified phosphate buffer system by the addition of NaCl to make it isotonic with physiological fluid

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Advantage of borate buffer system

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It can be used in solutions that contain metals that would precipitate in the presence of phosphate

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Disadvantage of borate buffer system

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Toxic (when ingested); inefficient at physiological pH; supports mold growth

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Ophthalmic

nasaland external preparations

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Borate buffers are suitable for __ and ___

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Feldman's buffer system

Atkin's and Pantin buffer system

Gifford buffer system

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Three primary borate buffer system

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Feldman's buffer system

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pH 7.6 to 8.2

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Atkin's and Pantin buffer system

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pH 7.6 to 11

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Gifford buffer system

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pH 6 to 7.6

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Feldman's buffer system

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Consists of an acid solution containing boric acid, sodium chloride (to make it isotonic), and an alkaline solution containing sodium borate

Disadvantage: sodium borate is unstable

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Atkin's and Pantin buffer system

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Consists of an alkaline solution of sodium carbonate and an acid buffer solution of boric acid and sodium chloride

Disadvantage: too basic for most drugs

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Gifford buffer system

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Similar to Feldman buffer system but in place of sodium chloride, potassium chloride (KCl) is added to make it hypotonic

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Sodium borate

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Aka: borax, sodium pyrobate, sodium tetraborate, tincal

Properties:

Colorless and effloresces in warm, dry air

Soluble in water and glycerin

Insoluble in alcohol

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Sodium borate

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Best eyewash whem acida enter the mucosa

Used in collyria (1-2%)

Component in many mouthwashes and oral preparations

Applied in powder to mouth ulcers

Weak bacteriostatic agent

Forms borax soap which serves as an emulsifying agent in cold cream and rose water ointment

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Borax soap

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Sodium borate forms ___ which serves as an emulsifying agent in cold cream and rose water ointment

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Collyria

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Sodium borate is used in ___ (1-2%)