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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Innate Immunity
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The noninducible, preexisting ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen or its products, and does not rely on previous exposure to the products.
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Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattersn (PAMPS)
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A repeating structural component of a microorganism or virus recognized by a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)
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Inflammation
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Nonspecific defense to response to tissue injury. Characterized by local regions of reness, heat, swelling and pain
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Process of Inflamatory Response
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1. Macrophage PRR interacts with antigent PAMP releasing cytokines and chemokines that help attract more macrophages.
2. Cytokines and chemokines induce the inflamatory response by increasing vascular permeability, increasing the amount of WBC to the area a. Marigination - WBC sticking to endothelial cells b. Emigration - WBC squeezing between endothelial cells into tissue 3. Increased capillary permeability, with the flow of plasma into the tissue and fluid accumulation, causing the swelling, reddening and heating of that area. |
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Fever
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Abnormal increases in body temperature.
1. Trigered by foreign proteins of pathogens (pyrogenics) a. Pyrogenic compaounds - Endotoxins of Gram Negative organisms - LPS - lipoprotein complexes b. Endogenous pyrogens, released by host leukocytes, cytokins 3 Types a. Continuous b. Remittent c. Intermittent |
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Fever
Continuous |
Temp elevated for a 24 hour period, with a daily range of less than 1 C
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Fever
Remittent |
Temp is abnormal for 24 hour period. Daily range shows temperature swings greater than 1 C.
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Fever
Intermittent |
Temp remains normal for long periods then lapses into fever
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Myeloid Precursor Cells May Differentiate Into:
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1. Blood Platelets
2. Mast Cells 3. Neutrophils 4. Basophils 5. Eosinophils 6. Monocytes |
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Monocytes
Characteristics |
1. Create Dendritic cells and macrophages
2. Leaver circulation undergo modification in tissues 3. Act as an Antigen Presenting Cell |
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Macrophages
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1. Macrophages are larger than moncytes
2. Have more lysosomes, longer life 3. Phagocytize foreign particles |
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Phagocytosis
Steps |
1. Identifies it by using a pattern recognition receptor
2. Engulfs foreign particle forms phagosome 3. Fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome 4. Digests |
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Phagocytosis
Digestive Enzymes |
1. Protease
2. DNases 3. RNases 4. Phospohlypases 5. Acidic pH |
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Oxygen Dependent Killing
Types |
1. Hydrogen Peroxide
2. Superoxide anions 3. Hydroxy radicals 4. Singlet Oxygen |
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Natural Killer Cells
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A specialized lymphocyte that recognizes and destroys foreign cells or infected host cells in a nonspecific manner.
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Natural Killer Cells
How it Works |
1. NK cells Roam blood and lymph
2. Screen via attachment to MHC I protein 3. Binding to MHC I deactivates killing mechanism. 4. If screened cell lacks MHC I or if the protein is modified the killing mechanism of the Natural Killer cell is not deactivated and the cell is destroyed. 5. NK cell attach, release Perforins (Holes are formed in host membrane and cell lyses) and Granzymes (trigger Apoptosis). |
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Compliment Cascade
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A series of proteins that react in a sequential manner with antibody-antigen complexes, mannose-binding lectin, or alternative activation pathway proteins to amplify or potentiate target cell destruction
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Compliment Cascade
Classic pathway |
1. Bidning of the antibody and the C1 protein complex
2. The C42 complex interacts with C3 3. The C423 complex activate the C5 4. Continues until there is a spore created |
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Compliment Cascade
Alternative pathway |
1. C3 binds to pathogen surface
2. Attracts proteins B and D, which attracts more C3 3. Proteins cleave C3 to C3A and C3B, which activates C5 |
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Compliment Cascade
Mannise-Binding Lectin |
1. MBL binds to the mannose of the bacterial membrane
2. Activates the C423 3. Activates the C3 to C5 |
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TLR-2
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Found on surface of phagosome. Detects peptidoglycan.
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TLR-3
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Detects DS RNA. Causes IFN-α to be produced by leukocytes and IFN-β produced by fibroblasts. Stimulates division and maturation of dendritic cells.
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TLR-4
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Utilizes MAL adaptor protein. Detects LPS of Gram Negative bacteria.
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TLR-5
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Detects bacteria flagella. TLR-5 mutations increase susceptibility to Legionella pneumophilia infection.
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Skin
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1. Epidermis constantly sloughed off
2. Keratin- poor source of carbon 3. Anti microbial fatty acids of sweat, sebum Low water content Normal flora |
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Mucous membranes
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1. Extend into body cavities
2. Secretion of mucus 3. Contain ciliated epithelial cells |
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Lung
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1. Trapping of foreign particles
2. Contain ciliated epithelial cells |
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Vaginal Tract
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1. Low pH
2. Normal flora- Lactobacillus acidophilus |
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Urinary Tract
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Low pH
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Gastro-intestinal Tract
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Stomach acid (pH= 2.0)
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Small Intestine
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1. pH = 5
2. Normal flora 3. Anaerobic environment 4. Bile Detergent- inhibits microbes 5. Duodenal enzymes digest macromolecules |
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Large Intestine
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1. pH = 7
2. normal flora 3. anaerobic environment |
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Interferon Alph
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Secreted by virally infected cells
Cytokine binds receptor on surface of neighboring cells Results in up regulation of gene expression providing antiviral protection Degradation of double stranded RNA Inactivation of eIF-2 Anti-retroviral response to INF α Up regulation of APOBEC3G and Tetherins |
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APOBEC3G
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1. Cytidine deaminase
2. Encapsidated with viral genome 3. Enzyme mutates viral genome 4. HIV protein Vif ubiquinates APOBEC3G labeling the protein for degradation |
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Tetherins
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1. Class of proteins found on cytoplasmic surface of membrane
2. Inhibit viral escape 3. Nucleocapsids enter endosome and are degraded 4. HIV protein Vpu inhibits Tetherins by an unknown function |
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Interferons made where?
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IFN-α produced by leukocytes
IFN-β produced by fibroblasts IFN-γ produced by lymphocytes |
