Chapter 16: Innate Immunity

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Innate Immunity

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- refers to the defenses that are present at birth

- always present and available to provide rapid responses to protect us against disease

- does not involved specific recognition of a microbe

- first line of defense: skin and mucous

- second line of defense: natural killer cells and phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances

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Adaptive Immunity

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- based ona specific response to a specific microbe once a mcirobes has branched the innate immunity defense

- slower to respond but does have a memory component

- involves T cells, and B cells

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Toll Like Receptos (TLRs)

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- protein receptors in the plasma membranes of defense cells

- attach to pathogen- associated molecular patterns

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Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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- attachments on pathogens

-ex: lipopolysaccharide. flagella, peptidoglycan, DNA, and RNA

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Cytokines

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- protiens that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses

- one role is to recruit other macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as other defense cells, to isolate and destroy the microbee as part of the inflammatory response

- can also activate T cells and B cells

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Dermis

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- the skin's inner, thicker portion, is composed of connective tissue

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Epidermis

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- the outer, thinner portion, is in direct contact with the environment

- many layers of epithelial cells

- microorganisms rarely penetrate the intact surface of the epidermis

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Keratin

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- protective protein in the epidermis

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Skin

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- periodic sheddin of the top layer helps remove mcirobes at the surface

- dryness of skin is a major factors in inhibiting microbial growth

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Mucous Membrane

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- consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer

- inhibit the entrance of many microbes

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Mucus

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- secreted by the muscous membrane

- fluid that is slightly viscous glycoprotein produced by goblet cells

-trap many microorganisms that enter the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

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Lacrima Apparatus

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- group of structures that manufactures and drains away tears

- continual washing action helps keep microorganisms from settling on the surface of the eye

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Saliva

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- helps dilute the numbers of microorganism and wash them from both the surface of the teeth and mucous membrane of the mouth

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Ciliary Escalator

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- keeps the musuc blanket moving toward the throat

- coughing and sneezing speed up the escalator

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Epiglottis

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- small lid of cartilage which covers the larynx during swallowing

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Ear wax

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- helps prevent microbes, ducts, insects, and water from entering the ear

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Urine

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- cleans the urethra

- prevents microbial colonization in the genitourinary tract

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Peristalis, defecation, vomitting and diarrhea

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- expel microbes

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Sebum

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- an oily substance the prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle

- saturated fatty acids that prevents the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi

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Lysozyme

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- en enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram positive bacteria and to lesser extent, gram negative bacteria

- found in perspiration, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, tissues fluids, and urine

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Saliva

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- composed of lysozyme, urea, and uric acid

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Gastric Juice

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- mixute of hydrolic acid, enzymes, and mucus

- very high acidity is capable of destroying bacteria and most bacteria toxins

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Vaginal Secretions

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- glycogen produced by vaginal epithelial cells is brocken down into lactic acid

- this creates an acid pH that inhibits microbes

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Probiotics

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- are live microbial cultures applies to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect

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Leukocytes

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- white blood cells

- divided into two main categories: granulocytes and agranulocytes

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Granulocytes

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- prsence of large gaules in thier cytoplasm that cen be seen under light microscope staining

- divided into three types of cells based on how they stain

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Neutrophils

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- types of granulocytes

- stian pale lilac with mixture of acid and basic dye

- are highly phagocytic and motile and are active in the initial stages of infection

- have the ability to leave the blood, enter an infected tissue, and destroy microbes and foreign particles

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Basophiles

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- stain blue purple

- release substances such as histamine, that are important in inflammation and allergic responses

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Eosinophils

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- stain red or orange

- are somewhat phagocytic and also have the ability to leave the blood

- major function is to produce toxic proteins against certain parasites, such as helminths

- attach to the helminths and discharge peroxide ions that destroy them

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Agranulocytes

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- also have granules in their cytoplam but are not visible under light microscope

- three different types

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Monocytes

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- are not actively phaocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter body tissue, and matures into macrophages

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Macrophages

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- dispose of worn out blood cells

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Dendritic Cells

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- are believed to be derived from monocytes

- are especially abundant in the epidermis of the skin, mucus membrane, the thymus, and lymph nodes

- main function if to destroy microbes by phagocytosis and to initiate adaptive immunity response

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Lymphocytes

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- include natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells

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Natural killer Cells

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- are found in the blood and in the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

- have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells

- attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins

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Perforin

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- proteins contained in granules

- insert into the plasma membrane and create channels in the membrane

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Granzymes

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- release by granules from NK cells

- protein digesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis or self destruction

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Leukocytosis

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- the total number of white blood cells increases as a protective immune response

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Leukopenia

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- when an infection casuses the a decrease in the leukocytes amount

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Differntial White Blood Cell Count

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- which is a calculation of the percentage of each kind of white blood cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells

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Lymphatic System

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- consits of fluid called lymph, vessels, called lymphatic vessles, a number of structures and organs containing lymphoid tissues and red bone marrow

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Lymphatic Capillaries

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- located in the spaces between the cells

- capillaries permit interstitial fluid derived from blood plasma to flow into them but not out

- fluid is called lymph

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Lymphatic Vessels

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- have one way valves to keep lymth flowing in one direction

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Lymph Nodes

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- are sites of activation of T cells and B cells whcih destroy microbes by immune responses

-

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Spleen

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- contian lymphocytes and macrophages that monitor the blood for microbes and secreted products such as toxins much

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Thymus

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- serves as a site for T cell maturation

- also contains dendritic cells and marocphages

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Phagocytosis

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- is the ingestion of a microorganims or other substances by a cell

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Fixed Macrophages

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- macrophages that are resident in certain tissues and organs of the body

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Free Wandering Macrophges

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- which roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation

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Monouclear Phagocytic System

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- the various macrophage of the body

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Chemotaxis

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- the chemical attraction of phagocytes to the microorganisms

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Adherence

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- the attachement of the phagocyte's plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganism or other forein material

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Opsoinzation

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- mciroorganisms that are coated with certain serum proteins that promote attachment of the microorganisms to the phagocytes

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Ingestion

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- the plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projections called pseudopods that engulf the microorganism

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Digestion

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- the phagosome pinches off form the plasma membrane and enters the cytoplasm

- it contact lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes and bactericidal substances

- forms phagolysosome

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Inflammation

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- local defensive response

- another component of the second line defense

- damage can be done by microbial infection, physical agents, or chemical agents

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Acute Inflammation

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- if the cause of inflammation is removed and relatively short period of time and intense

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Chronic Inflammation

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- if the cause of an inflammation is difficult or impossible to remove

- the inflammatory response is longer lasting but less intense

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Functions of Inflammation

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- to destory the injurious agent if possible and remove it and its by products form the body

- if destruction is not possible, to limit the effects on the body by confining or walling of the injurious agent its by products

- to repair or replace tissue damaged by the injurious agent or its by product

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Acute Phase Proteins

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- are in the blood inactive but are activated during inflamation

- they induce local and systemic responses and induce proteins for blood clotting and for vasodilation

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Vasodilation

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- increases blood flow to the damaged area and is responsible for the redness and heat associated with inflamation

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Increased Permeability

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- permits defensive substances normally retained in the blodo to pass through the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area

- permits the fluid to move from the blood into tissue spaces is responsible for edema of inflammation

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Histamines

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- chemical present in many cells of the body especially in mast amount in the connective tissue, cirulating pashopils, and blood platelets

- released in direct response to the injury of cells that contain it

- also released in response to stimulation by certain components of the complement system

- cause vasodilation

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Kinins

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- cause vasodilation

- present in the blood plasma and once activated they place a role in chemotaxis by attracting phagocytes granulocytes, chiefly neutrophils to the injured sites

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Prostaglandins

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- substances released by damaged cells, intensify the effectes of histamine and kinis and help phagocytes move thorugh capillary walls

- related with the pain in inflammation

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Leukotrienes

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- substances produced by mast cells and basophils

- cause increases permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes and to pathogens

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Cytokines

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- which bring vasodilation and increased permeability

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Pus

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- a mixture of dead cells and body fluids in cavity formed by the break down of body tissue

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Abcess

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- focus of infection

- common: pustules and boils

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Margination

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- the sticking process in response to local cytokines

- cytokines alter CAMs on cells lining blood vessels, causing phagocytes to stick at the site of the inflammation

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Dispedesis

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- collected phagocytes beign to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the blood vessels to reach the damged cell

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Tissue Repair

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- the process by which tissue replace dead and damaged cells

- being during the active phase of inflammation but cannot be completed until all harmful substances have been removed or neutralized at the site of injury

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Fever

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- an abnormally high body temperature

- third component of second line of defense

- most frequent cause of fever is infection from bacteria or viruses

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Crisis

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- indicates that the body temperature is falling

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Fever Defense

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- interleukin helps set up the production of T cells

- high body temperature intensifies the effect of antiviral interferon and increased production of transferrins that decrease the ion available to microbes

- helps body tissue repair themselves more quickly

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Complement System

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- defensive sytem consisting of over 30 proteins produced by the liver and found in circulating in blood serum

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Complement System Functions

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- destory micorbes by: cytolysis, inflammation, and phagocytosis, and also prevent excesive damage to host tissue

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Opsonization

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- C3b binds to the surface of a microbe and receptors on phagocytes attach to the C3b

- C3b promotes the attachment of phagocyte to a microbe

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Membrane Attack Complex

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- First C3b splits C5 into C5b and C5a

- fragments C5b C6 C7 and C8 bind together and insert into the plasma membrane of the invading cell

- form a transmembrane channel and cause cytolysis

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Inflammation

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- C3a and C5a bind to mast cells and cause them to release histamine and other chemicals that increase blood vessel permeability `

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Classical Pathway

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- antibodies attacth to antigens forming antigen antibody complexes bind and activate C1

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Alternative Pathway

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- does not involve antibodies

- activated by contact between certain complement proteins and a pathogen

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Lectin Pathway

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- when macropahges ingest bacteria, viruses, and other foreign matter by phagocytosis they release cytokines that stimulate the liver to produce lectins

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Mannose Binding Lectin

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- type of lecitn

- binds to many pathogens

- functions as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis

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Interferons

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- functions is to interfere with viral mulitplication

- they are host cell specific but not virus specific

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Antiviral Prtoeins

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- proteins are enzymes that disrupt various stages of viral mulitplication

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Iron binding Proteins

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- their function is to transport and store iron by doing so they deprive most pathogens of the avaliable iron

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Antimicrobial Peptides

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- may be one fo the most important components of innate immunity

- short peptides that consist of chain of amino acids

- include activities against bacteria, viruses, fungi and eukaryotic parasites

- inhibit cell wall synthesis forming pores in the plasma, and destroying DNA and RNA