Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
- Skin - Mucous Membranes |
First Line of Defense (2)
|
|
|
- Phagocytes - Inflammation - Fever - Antimicrobial Substances |
Second Line of Defense (4)
|
|
|
First Line Defenses
|
Keep pathogens on the outside or neutralize them before infection begins
|
|
|
Second Line Defenses
|
- Slow or contain infections - Include proteins that produce inflammation - Fever that enhances cytokine activity - Phagocytes and NK cells |
|
|
Third Line Defenses
|
- Lymphocytes target specific pathogens for destruction - Memory component that allows body to respond more effectively in the future - Considered adaptive and there are 2 types - Humoral and Cellular |
|
|
Basophile Eosinophil Mast Cells |
3 Types of cells exclusively within the innate immunity
|
|
|
Neutrophil Monocyte Dendritic cell Natural Killer Cell |
4 Types of Cells that aid in the innate AND adaptive immunity
|
|
|
Immunity Susceptibility |
- Also called resistance, is the ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their products and to protect against environmental agents such as pollen, chemicals and animal dander - And the lack of this is described as the term: |
|
|
Innate immunity
|
- Refers to defenses that are present at birth - Always available to provide rapid responses to protect us against disease - Does not involve recognition of a specific microbe - No memory response - Represent early-warning system and are designed to prevent microbes from gaining access into the body and to help eliminate those that do gain access |
|
|
Adaptive immunity
|
- Based on a specific response to a specific microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses - Adjusts to handle particular microbes - Slower to respond, but has memory component that allows the body to more effectively target same pathogen in future |
|
|
Toll-like receptors
|
- Example of a Protein receptor on the plasma membranes of defensive cells that activates responses of the innate system - Attach to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, peptidoglycan, DNA or RNA of pathogens |
|
|
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
|
- Examples are lipopolysaccharides on Gram Negative bacteria, peptidoglycan on the cell wall of bacteria, flagellin, DNA or RNA of pathogens - Bind with Toll-like receptors on host cell |
|
|
Cytokines
|
- Chemicals that are released when the toll-like receptors bind with the PAMPs - Proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses - Recruit other macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as other defensive cells, to isolate and destroy the microbes as part of the inflammatory response - Can also activate T and B lymphocytes |
|
|
- Keratin - Dryness - Shedding - pH - Tears - Mucus - Saliva - Earwax - Urine - Vaginal secretions - Peristalsis - Defecation - Vomiting - Diarrhea |
PHYSICAL FACTORS OF FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE Components or characteristics of skin that aid in innate immunity (4) Secretions of the mucous membranes or other glands that function to trap or wash away pathogens (4) Secretions of the genitourinary tract (2) Mechanisms of the gastrointestinal tract (4) |
|
|
Ciliary escalator
|
- Cells of the mucous membrane of the lower respiratory tract are covered with these structures that propel inhaled dust and microorganisms that have become trapped in mucus upward toward the throat - Ex: Coughing, sneezing |
|
|
Sebum Fatty acids Lactic acid |
- Oily substance produced by skin that forms protective film to inhibit pathogenic growth - Low pH of the skin (3-5) is from the secretion of these 2 acids |
|
|
Perspiration
|
- Helps maintain body temperature, eliminates certain wastes and flushes microorganisms from the surface of skin - Contains lysozyme: an enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria |
|
|
Lysozyme
|
- Enzyme found in sweat, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, tissue fluids and urine that breaks down peptidoglycan cell walls
|
|
|
Earwax
|
- Functions as physical barrier and chemical protectant - Rich in fatty acids, thus has low pH (3-5) to inhibit growth of pathogens |
|
|
- Amylase - Lysozyme - Urea - Uric acid - Antibody IgA |
5 components and enzymes of saliva that inhibit microbial growth and makes it slightly acidic (6.55 - 6.85)
|
|
|
Gastric juice
|
- Mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus - High acidity (1.2-3.0) is sufficient to destroy bacteria and most toxins |
|
|
Microbial antagonism
|
- Term for when normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing the host by 1. Competing with them for nutrients (competitive exclusion) 2. Producing substances that are harmful to the pathogens 3. Altering conditions such as pH and oxygen availability to affect pathogen survival |
|
|
Commensalism
|
- One organism uses the body of a larger organism as its physical environment and may make use of the body to obtain nutrients - One benefits, one is unaffected Ex: Skin, gastrointestinal tract microbes |
|
|
Probiotics
|
- Live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect Ex: Lactic acid bacteria that produce lactic acid and bacteriocins to inhibit pathogen growth |
|
|
Dendritic Cells
|
- Believed to be derived from the same precursor cells as monocytes - Especially abundant in skin epidermis, mucous membranes, thymus and lymph nodes - Destroy microbes by phagocytosis and initiate adaptive response |
|
|
- T cells - B cells - NK cells |
Name the 3 lymphocytes
|
|
|
Leukocytosis
|
- Number of white blood cells increases as a protective response to combat the microbes
|
|
|
Spleen
|
- Organs that stagnates blood to monitor for microbes and secreted products such as toxins by lymphocytes and macrophages
|
|
|
Chemotaxis Adherence Ingestion Digestion |
4 Phases of Phagocytosis
|
|
|
Chemotaxis
|
- Chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms by microbial products, cytokines and complement derived peptides
|
|
|
Adherence
|
- Attachment of host cell Toll-like receptor and bacterial PAMPs - This binding also releases cytokines to recruit additional phagocytes |
|
|
Redness Pain Heat Swelling |
4 Cardinal signs of Inflammation
|
|
|
Inflammation
|
Functions to 1. Destroy the injurious agent and remove it 2. Limit the effects by confinement 3. Repair or replace damaged tissue |
|
|
Acute Chronic |
- Removed quickly, intense response - Longer-lasting, less intense, can be more destructive Which one describes acute inflammation? Chronic inflammation? |
|
|
1. Vasodilation - Leaky blood vessels 2. Phagocytosis 2. Tissue Repair |
3 Stages of Inflammation
|
|
|
Margination Diapedesis |
- Process by which phagocytes stick to the lining of blood vessels - The process by which phagocytes diffuse out of blood vessels |
|
|
- Cytolysis (Membrane attack complex - MAC) - Opsonization - Inflammation |
3 Outcomes of Complement Activation
|
|
|
Siderophores
|
- Proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria that compete to take away iron from iron-binding proteins such as transferrin by binding it more tightly
|
|
|
Antimicrobial peptides
|
- One of the most important components of innate immunity - Short peptides with broad spectrum activity against pathogens, its synthesis is triggered by presence of microbes or when there is binding to Toll-like Receptors from host cells - pH tolerance - Microbes unable to develop resistance |
|
|
- Inhibits cell wall synthesis - Forms pores in plasma membrane - Destroys nucleic acids |
3 modes of action by Antimicrobial Peptides Ex: Defensins by neutrophils |
|
|
Interferons
|
- Specific group of cytokines- Alpha and Beta ____ are antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells in response to a viral infection- Gamma _____ stimulated macrophage activity
|
|
|
High Low |
Normal WBC Counts: 5000-10000 - (Low/High) may indicate bacterial infections, autoimmune disease, or side effects of medications - (Low/High) may indicate viral infections, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases or cancers |
|
|
Fever
|
- Abnormally high body temperature (> 37C by Hypothalamus) - Cytokines cause hypothalamus release of prostaglandins that reset to higher temperature - Vasoconstriction leads to shivering and raises temperature - As body temperature falls in crisis, vasodilation and sweating occurs |
|
|
Complement System
|
- Antimicrobial substance serum protein produced by liver that assist immune system in destroying microbes - Acts in cascading signaling system and divides into different components to attach to different cells - Lack of this causes susceptibility to infection - Capsules prevent this activation |
|
|
Transferrin
|
- Iron-binding protein found in blood and tissue fluids that siderophores try to get their iron from
|
