Microbiology Ch 15 Innate Immunity

Front 1

humans have _____________ _____________ to certain pathogens as well as three overlapping lines of defense.

Back 1

species resistance

Front 2

the first two lines of defense compose __________ _____________, which is generally nospecific and protects the body against a wide variety of potential pathogens. A third line of defese is ___________ ______________, which is a specific response to a particular pathogen.

Back 2

innate immunity

adaptive immunity

Front 3

The first line of defense includes the skin, composed of an outer _______________ and a deeper _________. ___________ _________ of the epidermis devour pathogens. Sweat glands of the skin produce salty sweat containing the enxyme called ___________ and _____________ ____________ (defensis), which are small peptide chains that act against a broad range of pathogens. _________ is an oily substance of the skin that lower pH, deterring the growth of many pathogens.

Back 3

epidermis

dermis

dendritic cells

lysozyme

antimicrobial peptides

sebum

Front 4

the mucous membranes, another part of the body's first line of defense, are composed of tightly packed cells that are replaced frequently by _________ ________ division and often coated with sticky mucus secreted by goblet cells.

Back 4

stem cell

Front 5

_____________ ________________, the competition between ________ ______________ and potential pathogens, also contributes to the body's first line of defense.

Back 5

microbial antagonism

normal microbiota

Front 6

tears contain antibacterial lysozyme and also flush invaders from the eyes. Saliva similarly protects the teeth. The low pH of the stomach inhibits most microbes that are swallowed.

Front 7

the second line of defense includes cells (especially ____________), antimicrobial chemicals (toll-like receptors, NOD proteins, interferons, complement, lysozyme, and antimicrobial peptides), and processes (phagocytosis, inflammation, and FV).

Back 7

phagocytes

Front 8

The epidermis also contains phagocytic cells called __________ _______/ The Slender, fingerlike processes of _________ _________ extend among the surrounding cells, forming an almost continuous network to intercept invaders.

Back 8

dendritic cells

dendritic cells

Front 9

A pathogen can cause diease only if it can do what three things?

Back 9

. Gain access by portal of entry

. attach itself to the host cells

. evade the body's defense mechanisms

Front 10

______ line of defense: external physical barriers to pathogens eg. Skin, mucous membranes.

Back 10

First

Front 11

________ line of defense: Internal- protective cells, bloodborne chemicals, processes that inactivate or kill invaders.

Back 11

Second

Front 12

First and Second- ________ _______- present at birth and work on wide variety of pathogens- Protozoa, parasitic worms, fungi, bacteria, viruses

Back 12

Innate immunity

Front 13

Third line of defense: ______ ________- responds against unique species and strains of pathogens and alters the body defenses.

Back 13

adaptive immunity

Front 14

responds against unique species and strains of pathogens and alters the body defenses.

Back 14

third line of defense

adaptive immunity

Front 15

present at birth and work on wide variety of pathogens- Protozoa, parasitic worms, fungi, bacteria, viruses

Back 15

2nd and 3rd line of defense

innate immunity

Front 16

external physical barriers to pathogens eg. Skin, mucous membranes.

Back 16

1st line of defense

innate immunity

Front 17

Internal- protective cells, bloodborne chemicals, processes that inactivate or kill invaders non specifically

Back 17

2nd line of defense

innate immunity

Front 18

epidermal __________ _______ phagocytize pathogens

Back 18

Dendritic cells

Front 19

Chemicals secreted in perspiration that defend against pathogens?

-______- inhibits growth of pathogens

-______________ ___________ (defensins)- Dermicidins - broad spectrum

-__________- destroys cell wall of bacteria

Back 19

-Salt- inhibits growth of pathogens.

-Antimicrobial peptides (defensins)- Dermicidins - broad spectrum

-lysozyme- destroys cell wall of bacteria

Front 20

_________ secreted by oi glands,

lower skin pH to a level (pH___) inhibitory to many bacteria.

Back 20

Sebum

pH5

Front 21

_________ ___________ line all body cavities open to environment.

Back 21

mucous membranes

Front 22

Mucus secreting ______ _______, secrete antimicrobial peptides (________), nasal mucus contains ________.

Back 22

goblet cells

defensins

lysozyme

Front 23

The lacrimal apparatus; a group of structures that produce and drain tears, blinkin spreads tears and _________ surface of the eye, _________ in tears destroys bacteria.

Back 23

washes

Lysozyme

Front 24

Vitamin B5, folic acid, precursor of vitamin K are provided by the ________ _________.

Back 24

normal microbiota

Front 25

activities of _______ _________ make it hard for pathogens to compete.

Back 25

normal microbiota

Front 26

Animals raised in an _______ environment (free of all other organisms and viruses) are slower to defend themselves when exposed to a _________.

Back 26

axenic

pathogen

Front 27

__________ _________, present in skin, mucous membranes, and neutrophils; are triggered by sugar or protein molecules of the pathogens.

Back 27

Antimicrobial peptides

Front 28

_________ __________, work in several ways (punch holes in cytoplasmic membranes, interrupt internal signaling or enzymatic action, and __________ factors that recruit leucocytes).

Back 28

antimicrobial peptides

chemotactic factors

Front 29

the _________/________ _________ line of defense operates when the pathogens penetrate the skn or mucous membranes.

Back 29

second/innate immunity

Front 30

_________ line of defense, composed of

-phagocytes

-antimicrobial chemicals

.peptides

.complement

.interferons

-fever

-Inflammation

Back 30

second

Front 31

_______- mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrient, and proteins.

_______- is the fluid remaining when Clotting factors are removed from plasma.

Back 31

plasma

serum

Front 32

________-, incules iron- binding proteins transferrin, ferritin, siderophores, actoferrin, hemolysin), complement proteins and antibodies.

Back 32

Serum

Front 33

Three types of ________ _________ in blood:

-erythrocytes

-platelets

-leukocytes

Back 33

formed elements

Front 34

________________, are dividen into granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Back 34

leukocytes

Hint 34

Front 35

three types of granulocytes that contain large granules that stain different colors

Back 35

basophils

eosinophils

neutrophils

Front 36

neutrophils are also call _______________ ____________ (PMNs)

Back 36

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Front 37

relative percentages of

granulocytes

-neutrophils

-basophils

-eosinophils

agranulocytes

-monocytes

-lymphocytes

Back 37

Front 38

Differential white blood cell count can signal signs of disease.

-___________ _________ indicate allergies or parasitic worm infection

-bacterial diseases often show increase in __________ and __________.

-viral infections show increase in ____________

Back 38

increased eosinophils

leukocytes and neutrophils

lymphocytes

Front 39

phagocytosis can be divided into 6 stages....

1._________- movement of cell towards chemical stimulus

2._________- attachment to microgorganisms

3.__________- They extend pseudopodia, engult the microbe- phagosome

4.__________- complete in 10-30 minutes

5._________- Phagolysosome contains enzymes, hightly reactive and toxic forms of oxygen, low pH 5.5

6.___________: exocytosis- elimination of phgosomes, antigen processing and presentation on membrane

Back 39

1. chemotaxis

2. adherence

3. ingestion

4. maturation

5. killing

6 elimination

Hint 39

Front 40

nonphagocytic killing

killing by eosinophils-

-attach __________ _________ by attaching to their surface

-____________ (elevated esosinophils) is often indicative of a helminth infestation.

Back 40

parasitic helminthes

eosinophilia

Front 41

NK cells / natural killer lymphocytes.

- secrete _______ onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors

Back 41

toxins