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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Direct Observation
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A behavioral measure, in which the scientist directly observes the behaviors being studied.
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Sample
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A part of a population.
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Random Sample
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An excellent method of sampling in reasearch, in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
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Probablitiy Sampling
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An excellent method of sampling in research, in which each member of the population has a known probability of being included in the sample.
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Problem of refusal or non response
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The problem that some people will refuse to participate in a sex survey, thus making it difficult to study a random sample
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Volunteer Bias
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A bias in the results of sex surveys that arises when some people refuse to participate , so that those who are in the sample are volunteers who may in someways differ from those who refuse to participate.
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Convenience Sample
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A sample chosen in a haphazard manner relative to the population of interest. Not a random or probability sample.
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Test- Retest Reliability
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A method for testing whether self-reports are reliable or accurate; participants are interviewed( or given a questionaire) and then interviewed a second time sometime later to determine whether their answers are the same both times.
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Purposeful Distortion
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Purposely giving false information in a survey.
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Computer Assisted Self Interview (CASI)
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A method of data collection in which the respondent fills out questionaires on a computer. Headphones and a soundtrack reading the questions can be added for young children or poor readers.
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Informed Consent
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An ethical principle in research, in which people have a right to be informed, before participting , of what they will be asked to do in the research.
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Justice Principle
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An ethical principle in research, which holds that the risks of participation should be distributed fairly across groups in society, as should the benefits.
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Cost Benefit Approach
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An approach to analyzing the ethics of a research study, based on weighing the costs of the research ( the participants' time, stress to participants, and so on) against the benefits of the research (gaining knowledge about human sexuality).
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Snowball Sampling
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A method for acquiring a sample of people, in which existing participants suggest names of future participants to be recruited.
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Content Analysis
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A set of procedures used to mak vaild inferences about text.
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Intercoder reliability
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In content analysis, the correlation or percent of agreement between two coders independently rating the same texts.
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Qualitative Research
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A collection of naturalistic, holistic methods, including participant observation and in-depth interviewing, in which the results are conveyed not in numbers but words.
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Ethnography
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A research method ussed to provide a description of a human society
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Participant- Observer Technique
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A research method in which the scientist becomes part of the community to be studied and makes the obsesrvations from inside the community.
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Correlational Study
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A study in which the researcher does not manipulate variables but rather studies naturally occuring relationships (correlations) among variables.
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Experiment
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A type of research study in which one variable ( the independent variable) is manipulated by the experimenter while all other factors are held constant; the researcher can then study the effects of the independen variable on some measured variable ( the dependent variable); the researcher is permitted to make casual inferences sabout the effects of the independent on the dependent variable.
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Casual Inference
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Reaching the conclusion that one factor actually causes or influences an outcome
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Mean
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The average of respondents' scores
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Median
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The middle score
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Incidence
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The percentage of people giving a particular response
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Frequency
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How often a person does something
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Correlation
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A number that measures the relationship between two variables.
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Combination Birth Control Pills
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Birth control pills that contain a combination of estrogen and progestin (progesterone) 'se3
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Failure Rate
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The pregnancy rate occuring using a particularr contraceptive method; the percentage of women who will be pregnant after a year of use of the method.
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Triphasic Pill
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A birth control pill containing a steady level of estrogen and three phases of prgesterone, intended to mimic more closely women's natural horormonal cycles.
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Intrauterine Device (IUD)
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A plastic device sometimes containing metel or a horomone that is inserted into the uterus for contraceptive purposes; also called intrauterine contracceptive (IUC)
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Diaphragm
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A cap-shaped rubber contraceptive device that fits inside a woman's vagina over the cervix.Male
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Male Condom
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A contraceptive sheath that is placed over the penis.
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Spermicide
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A substance that kills sperm
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Douching
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Flushing out the inside of the vagina with a liquid
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Withdrawal
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A method of birth control in which the man withdraws his penis from his paartner's vagina before he has and orgasm and ejaculates
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Rhythm (fertility awareness) method
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A method that involves abstaining from intercourse around the time the woman ovulates.
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Calendar Method
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A type of rhythm method of birth control in which the woman determines when she ovulates by keeping a calendar record of the length of her menstrual cycles.
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Basal Body Temperature Method
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A type of rhythm method of birth control in which the woman ndetermines when she ovulates by keeping track of her temperature
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Cervical Mucus Method
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A type of rhythm method of birth control in which the woman determines when she ovulates by checking her cervical mucus.
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Sterilization
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A surgical procedure by which an individual is made sterile, that is, Incapable of reproducing.
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Sterilization
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A surgical procedure by which an individual is made sterile, that is, Incapable of reproducing.
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Vasectomy
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A surgical procedure for male sterilization involving severing of the vas deferens.
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Sympto-thermal Method
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A type of rhythm method of birth control combining the basal body temoerature method and the cervical mucus method.
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Laparoscopy
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A method of female sterilization.
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Abortion
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The termination of pregnancy
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Vacuum Aspiration
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A method of abortion that is preformed during the first trimeste and involves suctioning out the contents of the uterus; also called suction curettage.
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Mifepristone (RU-486)
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The " abortion pill; Causes the endometrium of the uterus to be sloughed off and thus bringing about an abortion.
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Vasocongestion
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An accumulation of blood in the blood vessels of a region of the body, especially the genitals; a swelling or erection results.
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Myotonia
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Muscle contraction
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Excitement
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The first stage of sexual response, during which erection in the male and vaginal lubrication in the female occur.
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Orgasmic Platform
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A tightening of the entrance to the vagina caused by contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscle (which covers the vestibular bulbs) that occur during the excitement stage of sexual response.
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Orgasm
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The second stage of sexual response; an intense sensation that occurs at the peak of sexual arousal and is followed by release of sexual tensions.
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Resolution
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The third stage of sexual response, in which the body returns to the unaroused state.
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Refractory Period
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The period following orgasm during which the male cannot be sexually aroused
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Clitoral Orgasm
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Freud's term for orgasm in females resulting from stimulation of the clitoris
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Vaginal orgasm
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Freud's term for orgasm in females resulting from stimulation of the vagina in heterosexual intercourse; Frued considered vaginal orgasm to be more mature than clitoral orgasm.
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Multiple Orgasm
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A series of orgasms occuring within a short period of time.
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Detumescence
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The loss of erection in the penis
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Triphasic Model
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Kaplan's model of sexual response in which there are three components: vasocongestion, muscular contractions, and sexual desire.
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Dual Control Model
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A model that holds that sexual response is controlled both by sexual excitation and by sexual inhibition.
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Retrograde Ejaculation
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A condition in which orgasm in the innot accompanied by an external ejaculation; instead, the ejaculate goes into the urinary bladder.
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Grafenberg spot (G-Spot)
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A small region on the front wall of the vagina, emptying into the urethra, and responsible for female ejaculation.
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Limbic System
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A set of structures in the interior of the brain, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and fornix; believed to be important for sexual behavior in both animals and humans.
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Organizing effects of Horomones
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Effects of sex horomones early in development, resulting in a permenant change in the brain or reproductive sysytem.
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Activating effects of Horomones
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Effects of sex horomones in adulthood, resulting in the activation of behaviors, especially sexual behaviors and aggressive behaviors.
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Pheromones
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Biochemicals secreted outside the body that are important in communication between animals and that may serve as sex attractants.
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Menstrual Synchrony
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The convergence, over several months, of the dates of onset of menstrual periods among women who are in close contact with eachother.
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Erogenous Zones
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Areas of the bbody that are particularly sensitive to sexual stimulation.
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Autoeroticism
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Sexual self-stimulation; for example, masturbation.
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Masturbation
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Stimulation of one's own genitals with the hand or with some object, such as a pillow or vibrator.
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Sexual Fantasy
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Sexual thoughts or images that alter a person's emotions or physiological state.
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Dildo
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A rubber or plastic cylinder, often shapped like a penis.
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Coitus
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Sexual intercourse; insertion of the penis into the vagina.
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Anaphrodisiac
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A substance that decreases sexual desire
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Adrenarche
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In childhood, the maturation of the adrenal glands, resulting in increased secretion of androgens.
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