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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Objectivism
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A systematic set of methods that leads to the discovery of reality
-Subjects are separate from the object; they study on it and report objectively -Provisionally true, testable, and ultimately verifiable theory of reality -Hypothesis testing leads to confirmation or disconfirmation of emerging theory |
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Constructivism
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-Data do not provide a window on reality
-“Discovered” reality arises from the interaction between subject and object -Viewer is part of what is viewed (subject is part of the object) -Seeks deeper, experiential meanings through investigations of views, values, beliefs, ideologies -Seeks to clarify respondents’ views about reality through studying the meaning of the language they use. |
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Social Construction
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is the process by which society constructs, or creates and defines, an object through discourses shaped by culture, knowledge beliefs, and morality.
A social construction, therefore, is an object that has been constructed, or created and defined through those discourses. Social constructions are simultaneously material and discursive. |
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Nature
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is a socially constructed discursive material formation that refers to the environmental systems and processes on our planet.
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Society
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is the sum of inventions, institutions, and relationships created and reproduced by human beings across particular places and spaces.
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Conservation
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holds that natural resources should be used wisely and that humans should serve as stewards, not exploiters of the natural world.
-George Perkins Marsh, Gifford Pinchot -Environmental Defense Fund, World Watch Institute, Nature Conservancy, Sierra Club |
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Preservation
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holds that certain habitats, species, and resources should remain off-limits to human use.
-Earth First! (movement, not organization, thinks violence is okay sometimes), Greenpeace (eschews violence), others -Sea Shepherds: started by a guy from Greenpeace who was kicked out clubbing a seal hunter over the head. |
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Ecofeminism
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Holds that patriarchy is at the center of our present environmental crisis.
-Because patriarchy equates women with nature, it has subordinated both -Nature-based spirituality -Political resistance and opposition to patriarchy -Embraced in both the core and periphery |
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Deep Ecology
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is based on self-realization and biospherical egalitarianism
-Self realization: humans must realize that they are part of the nonhuman world. -Biospherical egalitarianism: The biosphere is the central focus of all life; all components of nature deserve equal respect. |
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Environmental Justice
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Environmental Justice views the unequal impacts of environmental hazards, such as pollution, as an extension of “structured and institutionalized” inequality in capitalist societies.
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Culture
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a shared set of meanings that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life.
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Folk Culture
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the traditional practices of small groups
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Popular Culture
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the combination of practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people
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Cultural Geography
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Focuses on the way in which space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape.
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Culture Region
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a geographical unit based on characteristics and function of culture.
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Formal Culture Region
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-is an area inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in
common (e.g. language, religion, or system of livelihood) -Inuit -have no word for climate change, just “when the weather is crazy” -Quality/names for snow very relevant to their lifestyles, certain snow is necessary to construct igloos, which they still use while hunting. -Europe -Catholic in Southwestern Europe -Protestantism out of Germany and England -Orthodox in Eastern Europe |
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Functional Culture Region
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-Need not be culturally homogenous; it is an area that has been organized to function politically, socially, or economically as one unit.
-Germany (image) -German is also spoken in parts of Switzerland and Austria -has multiple religious groups |
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Vernacular Culture Region
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-is one that is perceived to exist by its inhabitants, as evidenced by the widespread acceptance and use of a special regional name.
-Dixie |
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Culture trait
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a single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group
-E.g. avoidance of pork, rites of passage etc. |
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Cultural Complex
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the combination of traits characteristic of a particular group.
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Proselytic(or universalizing) religions
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Christianity
Islam Buddhism |
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Ethnic Religions
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Judaism
Shamanist religions |
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Monotheistic Religions
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Christianity
Islam Judaism |
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Polytheistic Religions
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Vodun in West Africa
Hinduism |
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Syncretic Religions
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combine elements of two or more different belief systems. ex: Umbanda in Brazil
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Orthodox Religions
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emphasize purity of faith and are not open to blending with elements of other belief systems.
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Fundamentalism
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associated with intolerance of other religions or of those felt not to follow the proper ways.
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Judaism
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Parent religion of Christianity (old testament)
Holy book is the Torah Scattered across the globe during Roman times Ashkenazim: Germany and France, then Eastern Europe, then USA Mizrachim: Middle East and Africa Sephardim: Spain and Portugal Holocaust during WWII killed as much as 1/3 of the world's Jewish population, primarily Ashkenazim. |
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Christianity
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Holy book is the Bible(Old and New testaments)
West Christianity Roman Catholics Protestants(1400s and 1500s) Eastern Christianity Armenian Church ~ oldest Coptic Church - Egypt, then Ethiopia Maronites - Lebanon Nestorians - mountains of the middle east Eastern Orthodoxy - Greece and Eastern Europe |
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Islam
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World of Allah revealed to Muhammad by Gabriel(jibrial) in Mecca beginning in 610 A.D.
Holy book, the Quran, serves as the basis for Islamic law, or Sharia Moses, Abraham, Mary, and Jesus are all venerated as prophets Shiite Muslims 16% of Islamic population Majorities in Iran and Iraq Sunni Muslims are the the Islamic Orthodoxy |
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Ashkenazim
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Jewish group
Germany and France, then Eastern Europe, then USA Most of the Jews killed during the holocaust were Ashkenazim |
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Mizrachim
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Jewish Group
Middle East and Africa |
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Sephardim
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Jewish Group
Spain and Portugal |
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Brahman
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Supreme Hindu god
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Sharia
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Islamic Law
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Abrahamic Religions
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Judaism, Christianity, Islam
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dharma
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Harmonious and eternal truth that is within each human being
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Varna
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Social castes
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Brahmins
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Social caste- Priests
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Kshatriyas
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Social caste- Warriors
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Vaishyas
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Social caste- Merchants and Craftsmen
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Shudras
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Social caste-Workers
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Buddhism
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Child religion of Hinduism, based on the teachings of Prince Siddhartha Gautama, "the awakened one."
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4 noble truths
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Life is full of suffering
Desire is the cause of this suffering Cessation of suffering comes with the quelling of desire An "eight-Fold Path" of proper personal conduct and meditation permits nirvana |
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Separate Languages
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are those that cannot be mutually understood
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Dialects
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are variant forms of a language where mutual comprehension is possible
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Pidgin
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languages that occur when different linguistic groups come into contact, and are characterized by very small vocabularies
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Creole
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When pidgin languages acquire fuller vocabularies and become native languages of their speakers, they are called creole languages
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Lingua Franca
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is a language of communication and commerce over a wider area where it is not a mother tongue
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Language families
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are tongues that are related and share a common ancestor
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Polyglot
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a multilingual state
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Nostratic Speech
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-no written evidence that it existed, but is inferred from similarities in language
-might have been the precursor to the indo-european language family (and other languages?_ -Theory is that at one point there might have been a single mother-tongue. |
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Semitic
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Afro-Asiatic Language Family
-Arabian peninsula and Tigris-Euphrates river valley -Syria and north Africa -Arabic and Hebrew |
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Hamitic
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Afro-Asiatic Language Family
-Less common -Originated in Asia -Spoken today in in North and East Africa |
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Isoglosses
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indicate the borders of individual words or pronunciations
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Dialect Boundaries
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When multiple isoglosses parallel each others in bundles, they form dialect boundaries.
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Romanticism
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Thoreau
Emphasizes interdependence of humans and nature |
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Transcendentalism
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Emerson
Branch of American romanticism Encouraged people to rise above nature and the limitations of the bod to the point where the spirit dominates the flesh, and a mystical and spiritual life replaces a primitive and savage one. |
