Human Geography: Exam 3

Front 1

PPP

Back 1

Purchasing Power Parity
Measures how much of a common "market basket" of goods and services each currency can purchase locally, including goods and services that are not traded internationally.

Front 2

GNI

Back 2

Gross National Income
A measure of the income that flows to a country from production wherever in the world that production occurs.

Lower in wealthy countries

Front 3

GDP

Back 3

Gross Domestic Product
Is an estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services that are produced by a country in a particular year.

Front 4

Carrying capacity

Back 4

The maximum population that can be maintained in a place at rates of resource use and waste production that are sustainable in the long term without damaging the overall productivity of that or other places.

Front 5

Sustainable development

Back 5

One that achieves a balance among economic growth, the environmental impacts of that growth, and the fairness (social equity) of the distribution of the costs and benefits of that growth

Illustrated by ecological footprint

Front 6

Ecological footprint

Back 6

measure of human pressures on the natural environment from the consumption of renewable resources and the production of pollution.

demand has exceeded supply by about %40
US has 6th largest footprint
Largest is UAB
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Haiti, Malawi are low

Front 7

Economic Structure

Back 7

Primary Activities- concenred with natural resources of any kind
Secondary Activities- Processing/assembly/etc of raw materials derived from primary activities
Tertiary Activities- Sale and exchange of goods and services
Quaternary Activities- processing of knowledge and information.

Front 8

International Division of Labor

Back 8

THe specialization, by countries, in particular products for export.

Front 9

Postindustrial countries

Back 9

Where the tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate the workforce

Front 10

Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs)

Back 10

Formerly peripheral coutnrires that have acquired a significant industrial sector, usually through Foreign Direct Investment

China, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil, INdia, Indonesia, Thailand

Front 11

Trading Blocs

Back 11

Groups of countries with formailized systems of trading agreements

Front 12

Autarky

Back 12

countries that do not contribute significantly to the flows of imports and exports demonstrate a high degree of autarky.

Generally periperhal countries: Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Samoa, Tanzania

Front 13

Neoliberal Policies

Back 13

Economic policies predicated on a minimalist role for the state that assume the desirability of free markets not only for economic organization but also for political and social life.

Front 14

Dependency

Back 14

Peripheral countries depend on countries that are geographically or geopolitically close

Involves a high level of reliance by a country on foreign enterprises, investment, or technology

Can result in a narrow economic base

Front 15

Elasticity of demand

Back 15

The degree to which levels of demand for a product or service change in response to changes in price.

Where a relatively small change in price induces a significant change in demand, elasticity is high.

Front 16

Terms of Trade

Back 16

DEtermined by the ratio of prices at which imports and exports are exchanged

When price of exports rises relative to the price of imports, the terms of trade reflect an improvement for the exporting country.

No matter how efficient primary producers become, or how affluent their customers, the balance of trade is always tilted against them.

Front 17

Import Substitution

Back 17

A strategy to change acquire a new role in the international division of labor. Basically trying to move up from primary to secondary.

Very difficult, peripheral countries who try to do this have to borrow from other countries.

Front 18

Fair Trade

Back 18

A movement focused on building equitable trading relationships between customers and the worlds more economically disadvantaged artisans and farmers.

Front 19

Geographical Path dependence

Back 19

relationship between present-day activities in a place and the past experiences of that place.

Front 20

External economies

Back 20

existing labor markets, existing consumer marked, existing frameworks of social capital

Cost savings that result from advantages beyond a firm's organization and methods of production.

Front 21

Localization economies

Back 21

Cost savings that accrue to particular industries as a result of clustering together at a specific location.

Like Silicon Valley

Front 22

Agglomeration effects

Back 22

Interdependencies that accrue cost advantages to individual firms because of their location among functionally related activities.

Front 23

Backward linkages

Back 23

develop as new firms arrive to provide the growing industry with components supplies, specialized services, or facilities

Front 24

Forward linkages

Back 24

develop as new firms arrive to take the finished products of the growing industry and use them in their processing, assembly, finishing, packaging, or distribution operations.

Front 25

Ancillary industries

Back 25

Maintenance and repair, recycling, security, and business services

Front 26

Cumulative causation

Back 26

Myrdal

Any significant local advantage tends to be reinforced through geographic principles of agglomeration and localization.

REfers to the spiraliing building of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the development of external economies, agglomeration effects, and localization economies.

Front 27

Infrastructure

Back 27

Roads, schools, and recreational amenities

Front 28

Backwash effects

Back 28

NEgative impacts on a region that come from the economic growth of some other region.

Out-migration, outflows of investment capital, shrinkage of local tax bases.

Front 29

Spread effects

Back 29

POsitive impacts on a region from the economic growth of some other region

Demands for food, consumer products, and other manufactures

Front 30

Agglomeration diseconomies

Back 30

Negative economic effects of urbanization and local concentration of industry

-higher prices that must be paid by firms competing for land and labor
-delays resulting from traffic congestion
-costs of waste disposal
-higher taxes

Front 31

Deindustrialization

Back 31

Relative decline in industrial employment in core regions as firms scale back their activities in response to lower levels of profitability.

Rustbelt

Front 32

Creative Destruction

Back 32

withdrwawl of investments from activities that yield low rates of progic in order to invest in new activities

Front 33

Fordism

Back 33

Mass production, based on assembly line techniques and scientific management, together with mass consumption, based on higher wages and sophisticated advertising techniques

Front 34

neo-Fordism

Back 34

logic of mass production coupled with logic of mass consumption