Human Development Test #1 [Part 3]

Front 1

A zygote becomes an embryo at ____ weeks, when ...

Back 1

the zygote is completely embedded in the uterine wall.

Front 2

What are the 3 layers that begin to form in the embryo?

Back 2

1) Ectoderm (becomes hair, outer layer of skin, and the nervous system)
2) Mesoderm (forms muscles, bones, circulatory system)
3) Endoderm (forms digestive system and lungs)

Front 3

Amnion

Back 3

the sac in which the embryo rests. It's filled with amniotic fluid.

Front 4

What does amniotic fluid do in the amnion?

Back 4

It cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature.

Front 5

The embryo is linked to the mother via which structures?

Back 5

1) The umbilical cord (houses blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta)

Front 6

During the period of the fetus, all regions of the brain grow, particularly in the ______.

Back 6

cerebral cortex. (wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many important human behaviors)

Front 7

Near the end of the ______ period, male embryos develop testes and females develop ovaries.

Back 7

embryotic

Front 8

In the 3rd month, the testes in a male fetus do what that causes a set of cells to become a penis and scrotum?

Back 8

The testes in a male fetus secrete a hormone that causes a set of cells to become a penis and scrotum. (IN FEMALES, THIS HORMONE IS ABSENT SO THE SAME CELLS BECOME A VAGINA AND LABIA)

Front 9

"Vernix" is..

Back 9

the thick, greasy substance that covers the skin in the 5th month. It protects the fetus in the amniotic fluid.

Front 10

Age of viability is..

Back 10

-22 to 28 weeks
it's when most systems function well enough that a fetus born at this time has a chance to survive.

Front 11

The most important types of risk factors are those associated with a pregnant woman's _____, ____ ____ and _____.

Back 11

nutrition, age, stress level, and her exposure to teratogens.

Front 12

When mothers do not consume adequate amounts of folic acid, their babies are at risk for...

Back 12

spina bifida

Front 13

What is spinal bifida?

Back 13

A disorder in which the embryo's neural tube does not close properly during the first month of pregnancy.

Front 14

Food to avoid during pregnancy.. since they could be contaminated with bacteria..

Back 14

raw fish (esp. shellfish), foods containing raw or lightly cooked eggs, unpasteurized milk, products or juices, and raw sprouts.

Front 15

Women who report greater anxiety during pregnancy more often give birth ____ or have babies who ____.

Back 15

give birth early or have babies who weigh less than average.

Front 16

When a pregnant woman is stressed, what happens to the baby?

Back 16

Mother's body secretes hormones that reduce the flow of oxygen to the fetus while increasing its heart rate and activity level.

Front 17

Teratogen

Back 17

an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development.

Front 18

Most teratogens fall into 1 of 3 categores.. what are they?

Back 18

drugs, diseases, environmental hazards.

Front 19

What are some teratogenic drugs?

Back 19

CACMAN

Caffeine,Alcohol, Cocaine and heroin, Marijuana, Aspirin, Nicotine

Front 20

Nicotine in cigarette smoke can do what to the baby?

Back 20

Constrict blood vessels and reduce oxygen & nutrients that can reach the fetus through the placenta

Front 21

Even secondhand smoke harms the fetus. When pregnant women don't smoke but fathers do, babies tend to be...

Back 21

smaller at birth

Front 22

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome DIsorders (FASD)

Back 22

umbrella term used to describe the spectrum of disorders related to prenatal exposure to alcohol.

Front 23

Children with FAS usually have..

Back 23

learning or attention problems, hyperactivity, below-average intelligence, and distinctive facial features.

Front 24

Teratogenic Diseases...

Back 24

CARGS

Cytomegalovirus
AIDS
Rubella
Genital herpes
Syphilis

Front 25

What are examples of diseses that are transmitted through the placenta?

Back 25

CARS

cytomegalovirus, AIDS , rubella, syhpilis.

Front 26

Chemicals associated with _______ are the most common form of environmentally based teratogen.

Back 26

industrial waste

Front 27

Environmental teratogens

Back 27

Lead, mercury, PCBs, X-rays

Front 28

Only children with high levels of ____ are affected by the negative consequences.

Back 28

PCBs

Front 29

As far as the study in the HD book on p. 67, the study on PCBs showed that...

Back 29

PCBs affect children's scores on standardized tests

Front 30

The impact of a teratogen depends on the _________ of an organism.

Back 30

genotype

Front 31

Each teratogen affects a ________ of ________.

Back 31

single aspect of prenatal development

Front 32

Damage from teratogens is not always evident at birth but...

Back 32

may appear later in life

Front 33

Daughters of women who took DES were more likely to have a rare cancer of..

Back 33

the vagina, and to have difficulties becoming pregnant themselves.

Front 34

What is genetic counseling?

Back 34

A counselor asks about family medical history and constructs a family tree for each parent to assess the odds that their child would inherit disorder.

Front 35

Ultrasound can be used at _____ weeks. How does it work?

Back 35

4-5 weeks.
sound waves are used to generate a picture of the fetus.

Front 36

Ultrasound can detect the sex of the fetus at _______ weeks.

Back 36

16-20

Front 37

What is amniocentesis?

Back 37

Used when a genetic disorder is suspected. A needle is inserted through the mother's abdomen to obtain a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus.

Front 38

What is a drawback of amniocentesis?

Back 38

Although the amniotic fluid is extracted at about 16 weeks after conception, at least two weeks must pass for the individual cells to grow enough to allow testing.

Front 39

What is chorionic villus sampling?

Back 39

A procedure that can be used much earlier than amniocentesis. A sample of tissue is obtained from part of the placenta.

Front 40

When can chorionic villus sampling be done?

Back 40

8 to 9 weeks after conception.

Front 41

Roughly ____ different disorders, including Down Syndrome, can be detected with amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Back 41

200.

Front 42

"Fetal medicine"

Back 42

a new field that is concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth.

Front 43

How long is the first stage of labor (1 of 3)?

Back 43

12 to 24 hours for a first birth. Contractions go from weak to stronger, enlarging the cervix to approx. 10 cm.

Front 44

What happens in stage 2/3 of labor?

Back 44

The baby passes through the cervix & enters the vagina. Soon the top of the baby's head appears (crowning)

Front 45

In stage 3/3 of labor, what happens?

Back 45

Lasts only 30 mins. The mother pushes a few more times to expel the placenta.

Front 46

Some times a coach during childbirth is accompanied by a what?

Back 46

doula, a person familiar with childbirth who is not part of the medical staff but instead provides emotional and physical support throughout labor & delivery.

Front 47

What are 4 common birth complications?

Back 47

PPIC

Pre-eclampsia, Prolapsed umbilical cord, Irregular position, cephlopelvic disproportion

Front 48

What is pre-eclampsia?

Back 48

Birth Complication. The pregnant woman has high blood pressure, protein in her urine, and swelling in her extremities due to fluid retention

Front 49

What is cephalopelvic disproportion?

Back 49

Birth Complication. The infant's head is larger than the pelvis, making it impossible for the baby to pass through the birth canal.

Front 50

Hypoxia

Back 50

When the flow of blood through the umbilical cord is disrupted and infants do not receive enough oxygen. (UC can be pinched or squeezed shut accidentally)

Front 51

Why is C-section riskier for mothers?

Back 51

Because of the increased bleeding and greater danger of infection.

Front 52

Preterm/premature babies are born before the ____ week.

Back 52

36th

Front 53

Infants who weigh less than ____ pounds are said to have a low birth weight.

Back 53

5.5 pounds

Front 54

Infants who weigh less than ____ pounds are said to have a very low birth weight.

Back 54

3.3 pounds

Front 55

Infants who weigh less than ____ pounds are said to have an extremely low birth weight.

Back 55

2.2 pounds

Front 56

What is "infant mortality"?

Back 56

The number of infants out of 1000 births who were born alive but die before their 1st birthday.

Front 57

Postpardum depression affects ___ to ____ % of mothers

Back 57

10 to 15%

Front 58

One simple way to reduce the risk of postpartum depression...

Back 58

breast-feeding. Breast-feeding releases hormones that act as antidepressants.

Front 59

Reflexes

Back 59

unlearned responses that are triggered by a specific form of stimulation.

Front 60

Primitive reflexes

Back 60

Reflexes that are present yet not of such clear value.

Front 61

Survival reflexes

Back 61

Reflexes that have a clear adaptive value.

Front 62

Reflexes are important because they can be a useful way to determine...

Back 62

whether the newborn's nervous system is working properly. For example, infants who have problems with the lower part of the spine do not show the Babinski reflex.

Front 63

Babinski reflex

Back 63

baby's toes fan out when the sole of his foot is stroked from heel to toe.

Front 64

Palmar reflex

Back 64

Baby grasps an object plced in the palm of hand

Front 65

Moro reflex

Back 65

Baby throws arms out and then inward (as if embracing) in response to loud noise or when head falls

Front 66

Apgar scores the following:

Back 66

Heart rate
Respiratory Effort
Muscle Tone
Reflex Irritability
Color

Front 67

Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS) evaluates what?

Back 67

a broad range of newborn abilities and behaviors that will help the infant adjust to life outside the uterus. (reflexes, hearing, vision, alertness, irritability, consolability)