Honors Bio Ch 8

Front 1

Cell cycle

Back 1

There are 3 phases of the cell cycle. A series of steps in the cells life that lead to it dividing in two

Hint 1

1. Produces DNA & daughter cells

Front 2

Mitosis

Back 2

Nuclear divison in the cell cycle

Hint 2

1. 2 sets of chromosomes but each have their own nucleus

Front 3

Interphase

Back 3

The period of growth and DNA replication between divisions

Hint 3

1. This is the phase where the cell spends most of its life

Front 4

G1/G0

Back 4

Is the growth and synthesis of the macromolecules. G0 the cell is not dividing and not preparing to divide

Hint 4

1. One of the three steps in interphase

Front 5

S

Back 5

This is synthesis, DNA replication

Hint 5

1. This is one of the checkpoints for the cell

Front 6

G2

Back 6

Also known as gap 2, growth and synthesis of macromolecules

Hint 6

1. 3rd & final phase of interphase

Front 7

M

Back 7

This is mitotic. Mitosis and cytokinesis occur. Division of a parent cell into 2 daughter cells

Hint 7

1. This phase is highly complex & fast

Front 8

Restriction point

Back 8

Is a point at G1 in the animal cell. Growth signals cause cell to complete entire cell cycle

Hint 8

1. Only happens in animal cells

Front 9

Cytokinesis

Back 9

When the cytoplasm from the parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells.

Hint 9

1. Occurs in animal cells during mitosis

Front 10

Daughter cell

Back 10

2 cells are formed when the parent cell goes through mitosis. Each daughter cell has identical DNA to its parent

Hint 10

1. These have the same number and type of chromosomes

Front 11

Nucleotide base pairing

Back 11

These are the building blocks to DNA. Only certain bases can be paired up together.

Hint 11

These are the _____ _____ _______. G & C go together and A & T go together

Front 12

Hydrogen bond

Back 12

When a hydrogen is attracted to a electronegative atom. This can happen between molecules also.

Hint 12

1. An example is 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen makes a ________ _______

Front 13

Antiparallel

Back 13

When two things run along side next to each other

Hint 13

1. A DNA double helix

Front 14

DNA polymerase

Back 14

Builds a new matching strand for each old DNA strand

Hint 14

1. Create these by assembling nucleotides

Front 15

Semiconservative replication

Back 15

Each daughter molecule has o

ne of the original strands of DNA and each daughter molecule has a newly synthesized strand of DNA

Hint 15

1. Replication of DNA

Front 16

Histone

Back 16

Alkaline proteins that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei. These package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes

Hint 16

1. These are protein components of the chromatid

Front 17

Chromosome

Back 17

These are made of protein and a single molecule of DNA. These are passed on, the DNA contains specific instructions which is what makes the chromosomes different

Hint 17

1. Thread like structure in the nucleus of plant and animal cells

Front 18

Chromatin

Back 18

A complex of proteins, RNA, and DNA that make up chromosomes.

Hint 18

1. Under a microscope it looks like beads on a string

Front 19

Mutation

Back 19

Any change in the sequence of cell

Hint 19

1. Cells can die because of this change

Front 20

Mutagen

Back 20

Something that causes a mutation

Hint 20

1. Chemicals, radition, viruses

2.

Front 21

Excision repair

Back 21

Enzymes recognize incorrect base pairs and bind to DNA & remove mismatched nucleotide

Hint 21

1. This repairs the DNA in the cell cycle

Front 22

Leading strand/Lagging strand

Back 22

The leading strand is the parent strand 3 -5 toward the fork and the lagging strand is the parent strand that goes towards the fork 5-3

Hint 22

1. The DNA is repeated continuously by these

Front 23

Sister chromatids

Back 23

These are the identical chromosomes formed during DNA synthesis

Hint 23

1. Also known as the "one-half" of the chromosomes

Front 24

Centromere

Back 24

The sister chromatids are attached to each other at the centromere of the chromosomes

Hint 24

1. This links the sister chromatids together

Front 25

Aneuploid

Back 25

Cell that form when mutations occur during chromosomes segregation; extra or missing chromosomes. Having different numbers of chromosomes

Hint 25

1.Having 45 or 47 chromosomes when 45 is needed is an example of __________

Front 26

Prophase

Back 26

The nuclear membrane breaks down and the chromosomes condense. In this stage microtubules form spindle fibers and the centrioles are pushed to the opposite ends of the cells

Hint 26

1. 1st step of mitosis.

Front 27

Metaphase

Back 27

The proteins in the kinetochores pull chromosomes to the metaphase plate

Hint 27

1. This is where everything comes together in the middle

Front 28

Anaphase

Back 28

Enzymes break down the proteins holding the sister chromatids together. The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled to the opposite poles

Hint 28

1. When everything comes apart

Front 29

Telophase

Back 29

Chromosomes expand into chromatin and the nuclear membrane reforms to make 2 new neclei

Hint 29

1. Reverse of prophase

Front 30

Centrioles

Back 30

Help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division in mitosis

Hint 30

1. This only helps with the cell division in animal cells

Front 31

(Mitotic) spindle (fibers)

Back 31

The spindle fibers are necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells

Hint 31

1. These are made up of microtubules

Front 32

Spindle poles

Back 32

Push centrioles to opposite end of the cells

Hint 32

1. Occurs in prophase

Front 33

Kinetochore

Back 33

A protein structure that's on the chromatids. The spindle fibers attach here and pull the sister chromatids apart

Hint 33

1. Occur during prophase and attach at the centromeres of the sister chromatids

Front 34

Cyclins

Back 34

Part of the protein family . Progression of cells through the cell cycle

Hint 34

1. Activating cyclin-dependent kinase

Front 35

Kinases

Back 35

The enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule

Hint 35

1. This helps control the cell cycle

Front 36

Cell-cycle arrest

Back 36

This is not senescence. Most cells are arrest are not senescence

Hint 36

1. Natural stopping point in cell cycle is known as the _____ _____ ______

Front 37

Cancer

Back 37

A mutation in the DNA sequence

Hint 37

1. Damaged DNA can lead to _______

Front 38

Checkpoints

Back 38

There are checkpoints throughout the cell cycle to see if the DNA is together properly. There are ways to fix it if it isn't.

Hint 38

1. This is to see if there is any damaged DNA within the cell cycle