History Of Psychology 2- Psychophysics And Wundt, Voluntarism, Structuralism

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Wundt elements of consciousness

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2 - sensation (objective, same as idea except immediate not memory) and feelings (subjective, 3-D [excitation/depression, tension/relaxation, pleasure/displeasure

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Weber's ratio

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JND, constant proportion of standard stimulus

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complication clock

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use reaction time to measure mental time to process info, Wundt base for reaction time and prior entry, Helmholtz nerve speed, Cattell

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unconscious inference

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Helmholtz, past expereinces are activated by sensations thus converting them into perceptions

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Unity of Mind

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idea of Fechner that mind and body = 1, equal with Weber/Fechner law

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Fechner methodological contributions

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1st time taken perception and organized it into physiological basis - 1st book of psychophysics - showed possible to measure mental events and relate to physical one
Constant stimuli, method of limits, etc. methods

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Wundt

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'Physiological Psychology' establish psychology as science with methods of physiology; experimental psych lab at Leipzig (1st); Volkerpsychologiem analyze content of conscious experience into elements with immediate introspection (mental chemistry), Tri-dimensional theory of feelings; origin of formal experimental psychology, method of introspection,

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Cattell

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functionalism, personality testing, reaction time experiment with lip-sensors, words perceived as unit not letter by letter, complication and prior entry

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Brentano

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psychology should be act of conscious experience not contents, Act movement, empirically observable rather than experimental focus, intentionality, phenomenological introspection

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Stumpf

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student of Brentano, Act movement, phenomenological, his students founded Gestalt, clever Hans horse

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Kulpe

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School of Act psychology - Gestalt psych, introspection, impalpable awareness of underlying process not aware of, all introspection is retrospection once go to study it b/c past, Wurzberg school of act psych (away from Wundt), some mental operations are imageless

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Titchener

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empiricist, associationist, resticted Wundt to American structuralism of breaking conscious experience into elements, stimulus error - reduction screen, 3 categories of conscious experience (sensation, feelings, images; psych = analytic study of generalized, adult, normal human mind through introspection; 'Experimental Psychology' - basic experimental methods

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Perky

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banana image experiment --> can't tell difference between image and projections; reject Titchener and support Wundt

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Ebbinghaus

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empiricist, first truly experimental psychology experiment with learning and memory associations

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Donders

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Wundt student, use reaction time to measure timing for various mental acts, subtraction method

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von Tschich

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prior entry (bell/clock timing), original complication with prior entry - Kinnebrook replication/implications

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prior entry

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von Tschich, bell/clock timing - visual processing delayed

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mental chemistry

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John Stuart Mill, used by Wundt for content of conscious experience with introspection

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introspection

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directed toward prescence or absnece of sensation (Wundt/Titchener) or directed toward detection of complex thought processes (Brentano, Stumpf, Kulpe, Husserl)

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mediate experience

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Kulpe, symantic process accompany introspection

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element of consciousness

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Wundt - 2 (sensations/feelings)
Titchener - 3 (sensations/feelings/images)
extracting from experience, see elements and molecules of consciousness

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impalpable awareness

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Kulpe, underlying process not directly aware of, process might be more important than content

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stimulus error

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Titchener, when mediation occured by labeling an object of introspection (apple instead of red, shiny), error is to report perception not sensation

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reduction screen

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peephole to view object to eliminate stimulus error, Titchener

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imageless thought

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Kulpe, no sensory/image elements, pure mental thoughts with no reference or image

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unconscious inference

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Helmholtz depth perception learned but not aware of any process, perception is unconscious based on experience

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Volkerpsychologie

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cultural anthropology, social psychology cannot eb experimental, Wundt

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doctrine of apperception

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Wundt, for unified experience, we see environment as holistic experience not its elements, creative synthesis

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Act school

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mental processes aimed at peforming some function, Brentano - Stumpf, mental operations

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phenomenology

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take it as is or leave it, can't use rational processes to understand how distorted

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Titchener images vs. sensations

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Differ by quality (kind), attensity (clarity), intensity (strength), protensity (duration - Perky), extensity (spatial fullness)

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Wundt 'Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception'

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laid out problems and methods for a science of the 'new psychology', described Wundt experiments

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Wundt 'Principles of Physiological Psychology'

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*most important work*, established psychology as a science using the methods of physiology, reaction time could supplment introspection as a technique for studying elemental contents and activites of mind

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Wunt 'Volkerpsychologie'

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social psychology study (simple mental processes) can't be studied experimentally

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Wundt 'Philosophical Studies'

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journal of outlet for area of research

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Ebbinghaus 'On Memory'

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first time process of learning and memory has been studies AS they occured rather than after, investigated experimentally

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Ebbinghaus 'Journal of the Psychology and Physiology of Sense Organs'

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psychology's 2nd experimental journal, broke Wundt publishing monopoly

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Psych mission/goal according to Wundt

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Analyze content of conscious experience into its elements using immediate introspection, reduce to elements and discover how elements connected