History Of Psychology - General/greek To Renaissance

Front 1

Popper

Back 1

theory, theory guides observations, Principle of Falsifiability (all theories refuted and replaced in time)

Front 2

Kuhn

Back 2

paradigms of community govern science

Front 3

Heisenberg

Back 3

uncertainty principle - observing influences activity so nothing can be known with certainty

Front 4

Stevens

Back 4

science is flow from inductive to deductive periods, schema/empiric approach

Front 5

personalistic history

Back 5

individuals as prime mover, Fechner

Front 6

naturalistic history

Back 6

idea as mover, driven by zeitgeist, Darwin

Front 7

presentism

Back 7

use present state of psychology as guide to understand past

Front 8

paradigm (Kant)

Back 8

widely accepted viewpoint

Front 9

psychic determinism

Back 9

non-natural laws, mind causes behavior, beleifs/emotions/sensations/perceptions/ideas/goals determine behavior

Front 10

physical determinism

Back 10

natural laws, body causes behavior, environment/cultural customs determine behavior

Front 11

indeterminism

Back 11

don't know if mind or body causes behavior, human behavior determined, but causes not known

Front 12

non-deteminism

Back 12

neither or body causes behavior, have free will

Front 13

schema-empiric approach

Back 13

SS Stevens, flows from deductive (theoretical) to inductive (empirical)

Front 14

monist

Back 14

only one thing exist - either mind or body

Front 15

dualist

Back 15

both mind and body exist

Front 16

interactionism

Back 16

dualism in which each influence the other reciprocally, Descartes/Aristotle

Front 17

epiphenomenalism

Back 17

body sole determiner of behavior, menatl events are by-product of brain, Skinner

Front 18

psychophysical parallelism

Back 18

dualism in which neither influences the other but both linked to 3rd factor (environment)

Front 19

double aspectism

Back 19

dualism in which both exist but are inseperable form each other, Fechner, different aspects of same thing - don't interact

Front 20

pre-established harmony

Back 20

both mind and body exist independently but appear interrelated b/c fate

Front 21

Thales

Back 21

600 BC, world of fire/water/earth/air, all derives from water, predicted ecplises

Front 22

Democritus

Back 22

400 BC, world made up of atoms

Front 23

Empedocles

Back 23

540 BC, sensations into body through pores and to sensorium, 4 basic elements, love and strife are causal powers of world

Front 24

Hippocrates the physician

Back 24

400 BC, equilibirum of 4 body humors, brain is seat of psyche

Front 25

Pythagoras

Back 25

540 BC, geometry, math is pure reason and intuition and thus truth, senses can't provide knowledge

Front 26

Euclid

Back 26

mathematical perspective

Front 27

Protagoras

Back 27

trust sense b/c directly part of physical world, danger to generalize beyond physical world, truth relative to perceiver, "Man is the measure of all things"

Front 28

Galen

Back 28

assocaited Hippocrates 4 humors with 4 temperments, defines sensory and motor nerves

Front 29

Socrates

Back 29

'unexamined life not worht living', inductive, basic nature, only certainty was own ignorance

Front 30

Plato

Back 30

mytics, mind eternal not body, everything in empirical world is imperfect perceptions which cause to seek rational truth, allegory of the cave, knowledge innate and attained through introspection, nativist, rationalist, empiricist

Front 31

Aristotle

Back 31

empiricist, rational process to know soul, senses (body) inform soul(mind) but mind interprets and corrects info, categorization to organize knowledge, golden mean, rationalist

Front 32

Epicurus

Back 32

free willl, atoms not created or destroyed, death = atoms cease to be (this don't fear death), hedonism, avoid extremes

Front 33

Galileo

Back 33

discover 4 Jupiter moons (11 things in sky), primary and secondary qualities, gravity, mathematival deduction over experimentation, realism

Front 34

St. Augustine

Back 34

body is extension of God, essence and existence interrelated, instrospeculation to know God, transfer sensory info to primitive lvel and emphasize metaphysical nature of knowledge and consciousness, predestination

Front 35

Magnus

Back 35

1200ish, reconcile Aristotle with church dogma - rational thoughts can acheive salvation, empirical/deductive approach,

Front 36

Avicenna

Back 36

reconcile Aristotle with Islamic faith, 5 external senses and 7 internal senses,

Front 37

Roger Bacon

Back 37

1200s, opposed deductive/rational views of Aristotle, empiricist/inductive (truth in agreemnt between observers), fit Aristotle into Western culture

Front 38

St. Thomas Aquinas

Back 38

scholasticism --> weaken church hold on knowledge, faith and reason seperate

Front 39

William of Occam

Back 39

experience is knowledge, 'shave away rational assumptions to see how things really are', reality is what we experience directly

Front 40

Copernicus

Back 40

deductive, math/reasoning, heliocentric theory (sun at center)

Front 41

Kepler

Back 41

planets motion are ellipses, mathematical harmony describe all universe

Front 42

Sir Francis Bacon

Back 42

skeptical inductive, classification/description of data --> theory later, don't trust obervations but primar qualities description instead, 4 observer biases, positivism, science for human benefit,

Front 43

humanistic perspective

Back 43

active mind, molar approach, Anaxagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Front 44

Ionian perspective

Back 44

natural/environemntal causes for behavior

Front 45

sophists

Back 45

don't trust rational processes b/c use reason to distort truth, only accept reality of the moment of truth

Front 46

biomedical perspective

Back 46

body functions must be in equilibrium, Hippocrates

Front 47

mathematical perspective

Back 47

truth and order found in pure math, Euclid, Pythagorean

Front 48

body humors

Back 48

Hippocrates, balance of blood/black bile/yellow bile/phlegm

Front 49

inductive logic

Back 49

specific to general

Front 50

deductive logic

Back 50

general proposition to truth

Front 51

psyche

Back 51

root of psycholgy, 'mind'

Front 52

mysticism

Back 52

metaphysical explanantions, based on unobservables, Pythagoreans

Front 53

pure reason

Back 53

Knt, truth based on totally rational processes, reason unique to humans, math is pure reason to Pythagorus

Front 54

animism

Back 54

movement b/c spirit in all living things, death = loss of spirit, spiritual interpretation, nature as alive

Front 55

skepticism

Back 55

beleif that all beleifs can be proven false, beleive nothing, reason for living is appearance and convention

Front 56

idealism

Back 56

explain everything in terms of consciousness (monist)

Front 57

Socratic method

Back 57

move from general problem to definitions and logic via questioning

Front 58

nous

Back 58

spirit, force all over world, Anaxagoras - all different by connected through it

Front 59

Greek dogma

Back 59

Socrates right/truth/authority

Front 60

allegory of the cave

Back 60

Plato, reality limited based on experience, distrust senses

Front 61

Zeno's paradox

Back 61

never finish race b/c always going half the distance...illogical but logic

Front 62

Law of Contiguity

Back 62

Aristotle association, when think of thing, think of things experienced along with it

Front 63

Law of Similarity

Back 63

Aristotle association, think of things similar

Front 64

Law of Contrasts

Back 64

Aristotle association, think of opposite

Front 65

Law of Frequency

Back 65

Aristotle, more experiences occur together the stronger association there will be

Front 66

Pax Romana

Back 66

quiet period in Rome when knowledge flouished b/c lack of war

Front 67

Epicureans

Back 67

no active (immortal) soul, mind fucntioned to react ot stimuli (perceive), hedonism, balance pain/pleasure

Front 68

Stoics

Back 68

humans passive matter acted upon by fates, best possible life is cooperating with causality of universe, don't fight fate

Front 69

neoplatonism

Back 69

Plotinus, body is agent and prison of soul/mind, soul responsible for highest intellectual/reason - use sesnory info to createideas, soul strive to find truth in nature/God, don't fight fate

Front 70

Papal authority

Back 70

replaced government rule b/c disintegration of western empire/civil rule, transition when Roman army fell apart - Christianity filled the void and pope saved city from invasion

Front 71

church dogma

Back 71

repalced scientific dogma, 7 celestial bodies, earth center of universe, humans created in God's image

Front 72

Dark Ages

Back 72

little/no progress in arts, Roman laws collapsed, uncertainty, church increase in power, mysticism, accept God on faith alone, Aristotle rediscovered in East

Front 73

Crusades

Back 73

1100ish, secure holy land from Islamic control, failure led to show weaken of church power, brough back Islamic culture/stories --> renaissance/scholasticism

Front 74

inquisition

Back 74

weaken church hold on science, weaken papal authority

Front 75

Reformation

Back 75

1450-1600, rebirth of open objective inquiry of early Greek philosophers, Luther reform Christian church,

Front 76

Occam's razor

Back 76

Law of Parsimony, Morgan's Cannon, explanation with fewest assumptions is best, shave off rationality

Front 77

scholasticism

Back 77

reason or faith to know God, Aquinas,

Front 78

helioentric theory

Back 78

sun at center of universe, Copernicus

Front 79

geocentric theory

Back 79

earth at center of universe, Ptolomy