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7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Great Depression: 1929-1940
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•The nation’s worst economic crisis, extending through the 1930s.
•Produced unprecedented bank failures, unemployment, and industrial and agricultural collapse. •Stock Market crash of 1929 – stockholders lost more than $40 billion. •Bank Failures – 1930s over 9,000 banks failed and deposits were uninsured. •Lack of trade between foreign countries due to high taxes for importing •Mass unemployment – 1930 – 9 percent of the labor force was out of work. 1933 – 12.6 million workers were without jobs •Psychological effects • •FDIC – protects us from losing our money •WWII provided people with jobs. Factories re-opened to make clothes for soldiers and provide weapons |
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Muckraking:
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•Journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils
•Named by Theodore Roosevelt for its “raking the muck” of American Society •1902 – McClure hired talented reporters to write detailed accounts of the nation’s social problems •Between 1902 and 1908, magazines were filled with articles exposing insurance scandals, patent medicine frauds, and stock market swindles. •1890s – Ida B. Wells - lynching •1906 – David Graham Phillips – argued that many conservative U.S senators were no more than mouthpieces for big business. Theodore Roosevelt, upset, denounced Phillips and colleagues as “muckrackers” |
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Urban Housing:
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•Tenements: Four to six story residential dwellings, once common in New York, built on tiny lots without regard to providing ventilation or light.
•Designed to maximize the use of space. Building would be on a lot 25x100 ft and rose 5 stories. •Many immigrants lived in tenements as they would become more crowded as more family came over to America •Hazardous buildings, fires were a major hazard because if one area caught fire, there was nothing to stop the spreading because the buildings were so close together •Some families has as little as one to two rooms, there would be four families on each floor. Families tended to be large with 10-12 people living between two rooms •Not always electricity, small kitchen spaces and inadequate places to bathe- this caused sickness and the tenements to be dirty |
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Rise of Auto Industry:
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•During the 1920’s America made about 85% of the world’s passenger cars
•By 1929 there was roughly one car for every five people •Henry Ford made cars more affordable and widely produced through the use of the assembly line. Reduced the number of working hours required to make a single vehicle •Finished one car every 19 minutes •Ford cut down the workday and raised the pay. $5 for an 8 hour workday- did this because it helped to up the sales of Ford Cars •Also increased worker efficiency •2/3 of labor force was immigrants, also employed about 5,000 African Americans •General Motors became competition for Ford in 1927- both used the idea of credit to buy cars. •Provided a large market for steel, rubber, glass and petroleum products •Helped to stimulate businesses such as roadside diners, gas stations, billboard advertising. Encouraged public spending on roads. •Widened the experience of many Americans, made traveling around the country easier |
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FDR’s first 100 days
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•March to June 1933
•FDR pushed a great amount of depression-fighting legislation through congress •Became part of the new deal- reform and relief measures for the depression •Important measures: oCivilian Conservation Corps (CCC)- march, unemployment relief effort oFederal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)- federal grants oAgricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)- relief to farmers oTennessee Valley Authority (TVA)- built dams and power plants, produced cheap fertilizer, low-cost electricity oNational industrial recovery act- systematic plan for economic recovery oPublic Works Administration (PWA)- authorized money for construction of roads, public buildings, and other projects •Measures that left impressions: oGlass-Steagall Act- created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to protect individual deposits up to $5,000 in case of bank failure oSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC)- regulate stock exchanges and brokers, require full financial disclosures, curb speculative practices that contributed to the stock market crash o1934 National Housing Act- stimulating residential construction and making home financing more affordable set up the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)- insured loans made my banks for building and buying homes |
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Birth Control
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•Phrase coined by Margaret Sanger (nurse and housewife with husband and three children) in 1913
•Provide contraceptive information and devices for women •“voluntary motherhood” •Right to say no to a husband’s sexual demands •Contraception as a way of advancing sexual freedom for middle-class women and response to misery of poor and working-class women with too many children •magazine, the Woman Rebel and pamphlet, Family Limitation- copies were confiscated and she faced 45 years in prison •fled to Europe in 1914 •Emma Goldman and other women in the Socialist Party continued the cause •Sanger returned in 1915 b/c charges were dropped and she opened a birth control clinic in Brooklyn •She was arrested and jailed •Because of her publicity and pioneering, birth control leagues and clinics were found in every major city in the country |
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The New Woman
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•The settlement house movement
oJane Addams founded the one of the first (Hull House, Chicago, 1889) oCrusade for social justice •Many educated women were dissatisfied with the life choices available to them: early marriage, teaching, nursing, and library work oMore middle class women were graduating from high school and college oClubs celebrated good qualities associated with women: cooperation, uplift and service oThe buffalo union is an example, it sponsored art lectures for housewives and classes in various fields •Club activity often led members to participate in other civic activities such as coming up with child labor laws and working to get pension for mothers oBecause they were married to men or had fathers who made a lot of money, they could get the funds they needed to support these projects •Woman organizations made efforts to bridge class lines between middle class homemakers and working class woman •The national consumers’ league (NCL) oStarted 1898 by Maud Nathan and Josephine Lowell oSponsored a “white label” campaign in which manufacturers who met safely safety and sanitary could put NCL labels on their food and clothing. oFlorence Kelley – a leader, under her the NCL took an aggressive stance by publicizing labor abuses in department stores She wanted maximum-hour and minimum-wage laws othe NCL embodied the ideal of “social housekeeping” |
