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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Gilded age can be described as
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an era in which greed, corruption, and vulgarity plagued America.
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In the second half of the nineteenth century, American life came to be dominated by the country's first big business,
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railroading
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Railroad construction in the nineteenth-century America was boosted significantly by
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(all of the above)
- cash subsidies and land grants from state governments. - cash subsidies and land grants from the federal government. - capital from investors |
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The relatively new building material that both improved railroading in the late nineteenth century and depended on it was
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steel produced through the Bessemer process.
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Vertical integration
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places all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer.
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Carnegie Steel achieved the tremendous productivity that Andrew Carnegie insisted on by
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forcing employees to work long hours under extremely dangerous conditions for low pay.
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Before the advent of the automobile, crude oil was used mainly
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for lubrication and lighting in the form of kerosene.
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Ida M. Tarbell's "History of the Standard Oil Company" in McClure's Magazine depicted John D. Rockefeller as
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a ruthless, unscrupulous malefactor who had used practically every dirty trick in the corporate book to gain control of the oil industry.
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At the beginning of the twentieth century, electricity
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was utilized mostly in urban areas of the United States.
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The theory of social Darwinism held that
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progress is the result of competition, and that social reforms and other modes of human interference impede progress.
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After Reconstruction, solid South, referred to
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the states of the old Confederacy, which voted Democratic in every election for the next seventy years.
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After Reconstruction, the emergence of the New South signaled
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the growth of key industries - iron, steel, and tobacco, for example - in the region.
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In the late nineteenth century, the notion that black men were a threat to white women in the South contributed significantly to
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an increase in lynchings across the South.
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According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in
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economics and the shifting social structure of the South.
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Denied the right to vote during in the late nineteenth century, American women
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found ways to affect the political process through the anti lynching, suffrage, and temperance movements.
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President James A. Garfield unwittingly helped the cause of civil service reform
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when he was shot by Charles Guiteau, a mentally disturbed man who had failed to secure a government position.
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Most people looking for government jobs in the 1880s were worried about having to pass an examination to qualify for a job because
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few had the education to pass a written examination
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The tariff's most enthusiastic supporters in the nineteenth century were
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industrialists and westerners who traded in wool, hides, and lumber.
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During the economic depression in the winter of 1894-95, President Grover Cleveland hoped to increase the nation's flagging gold reserves by
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making a deal with a private group of bankers, headed by J.P. Morgan, to purchase gold abroad and supply it to the government.
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The Supreme Court's decision in Wabash v. Illinois (1886), which was reversed its ruling in Munn v. Illinois(1877),
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led to passage of the first federal law regulating the railroad industry.
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The development of the West between 1870 and 1890 was
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an important part of a nationwide transformation
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The Comstock Lode was
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the richest vein of silver ore found on the North American continent.
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The easiest way to get rich in the silver mining industry proved to be
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selling claims to land or forming mining companies and selling stock.
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The largest ethnic group in the western mining district was the
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Irish.
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Although the Chinese were thought to be hard workers, anti-Chinese prejudice prevented them from working
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in the mines.
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Virginia City, Nevada, and other mining centers can best be described as
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sprawling industrialized communities.
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In the western mining industry, labor unions
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formed early and held considerable bargaining power.
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The federal government’s policy toward territorial government in the West can best be characterized as one of
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benign neglect
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The vast majority of territorial appointees chosen by the president
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were beneficiaries of the spoils system
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In the three decades after 1870, hundreds of thousands of Americans migrated to the West to
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own their own land
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The two factors that most helped stimulate the land rush in the trans-Mississippi West were the
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Homestead Act of 1862 and the opening of the transcontinental railroad
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The Homestead Act of 1862 promised
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160 acres free to any citizen or prospective citizen who settled on land west of the Mississippi River for five years.
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To establish a homestead, the federal government required homesteaders to
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build a permanent residence on a plot of land
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“Chips,” the most prevalent form of fuel used for cooking and heating in the plains, were made of
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chunks of dried cattle and buffalo dung.
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Of the 2.5 million farms established between 1860 and 1900, homesteading accounted for
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one-fifth
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African American cowboys in the West were
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ignored by the popular fiction of the time, despite their substantial presence in the region.
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By the 1870s, after decades of trying to prove their title to land grants following the end of the Mexican-American War, many rancheros (Mexican ranchers)
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grew discouraged and sold out to Anglos.
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The Indian Wars on the Great Plains lasted from
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1861 until 1890.
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The Dawes Act (1887)
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broke up reservations and allotted individual pieces of land to Native Americans.
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The Treaty of Fort Laramie
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was violated by the U.S. government after gold was discovered in the Black Hills
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At the root of farmers’ dissatisfaction in the late nineteenth century were
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banking, railroads, and speculation
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The Southern Farmers Alliance and the Colored Farmers Alliance
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disagreed on some issues but attempted to make common cause on others
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The Farmers Alliance movement of the 1880s helped farmers
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by sponsoring cooperatives that would give them economic independence
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The populists’ plan to help western farmers in the 1890s included
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land reform and government ownership of railroads and telegraph lines
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The homestead lockout and the ensuing strike in 1892 began when
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the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers attempted to renew its contract
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People were injured and killed at the Homestead mill in 1892 after Henry Clay Frick
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hired Pinkertons to enter the plant via the river
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The workers’ strike at the Homestead plant in 1892 was fundamentally
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a contest between workers’ rights and property rights
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The primary issue that triggered the Cripple Creek miners’ strike of 1894 was the
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owners’ efforts to lengthen the workday from eight to ten hours
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Among the drawbacks of living in the town of Pullman, Illinois, was
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that rents were high and it was impossible to buy a home
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The Pullman strike of 1893 finally ended after
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President Grover Cleveland called out the army
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Union leader Eugene Debs served six months in jail for his part in the Pullman strike and came out
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believing that workers must take control of the state.
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The only state that allowed women to vote in 1890 was
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Wyoming
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In the late nineteenth century, the temperance movement attracted women because
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it both recognized their capabilities and was a respectable way to protest
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After Frances Willard assumed presidency of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in 1879, the focus of the organization gradually changed to include
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social action, labor conditions, and women’s voting rights
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In 1869, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Women Suffrage Association which
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demanded the vote for women
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In 1894, Jacob S. Coxey led thousands of unemployed people to Washington to propose a plan
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to put the jobless to work building roads
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The Boxer Rebellion in China was aimed at
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missionaries, railroads, and telegraph lines
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Secretary of State John Hay initiated the Open Door policy in 1900 to ensure
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access to trade in China for all
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America’s entrance into the Spanish-American War was a direct result of
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pressure by the press and the sinking of the Maine
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As a result of the Spanish-American War, the “most famous man in America” was
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Theodore Roosevelt
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In the years between 1890 and 1916, progressives tended to be
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reformers with a broad agenda of concerns
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The new social gospel of the late nineteenth century
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called for the reform of both individuals and society
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Progressives launched the social purity movement to
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attack prostitution and other vices
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The temperance reform movement stigmatized
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members of the Irish, Italian, and German communities
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Reform Darwinists argued that
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the state should play a more active role in solving social problems
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According to philosophers William James and John Dewey,
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there are no eternal truths, and the real worth of any idea is in its consequences
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The term muckrakers refers to Progressive Era journalists who
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filled papers and periodicals with stories of corporate and political wrongdoing
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During Theodore Roosevelt’s administration, the land set aside as government reserves
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more than tripled
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The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
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set up the United States as the police power in the Western Hemisphere
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President Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his role in
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negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese War
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A strike by 147,000 anthracite coal minors in Pennsylvania in 1902 led to
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a reduction in hours worked and an increase in wages
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President Roosevelt believed that the best way to deal with trusts was to
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have the federal government regulate them
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In his foreign policy, President Roosevelt believed that
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"civilized nations" should police the world and hold "backward nations" in line
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To obtain the Panamanian isthmus for construction of a canal, the United States
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backed an uprising in Panama arranged by New York investors
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President Roosevelt’s primary reason for supporting a canal that would connect the Caribbean and the Pacific had to do with
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national defense
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President Roosevelt inherited the Open Door policy, a program designed to
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ensure the United States commercial entry into China in the face of competition from European nations and Japan
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President Taft’s “dollar diplomacy” in the Caribbean
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set commercial rather than strategic goals
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Woodrow Wilson was able to win the 1912 presidential election largely because
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Theodore Roosevelt entered the race and split the Republican vote.
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Beginning in the 1890's, white southerners sought to “reform” the electoral system in the South by
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disfranchising black voters
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The progressive Era witnessed the rise of Jim Crow laws in the South that were designed to
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legalize and expand racial segregation in public facilities
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America’s return to a peacetime economy in 1920 and 1921 was marked by
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a 20 percent unemployment rate, the highest to date
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President Harding's most ambitious foreign policy initiative was
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establishing a balance of naval power with Britain, France, Japan, and Italy
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The Dawes Plan
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halved Germany’s annual reparations payments and initiated American loads to Germany
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The relatively new industry in the 1920s that linked the possession of material goods in the fulfillment of spiritual and emotional need was
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advertising
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Many Americans in the 1920s saw Sigmund Freud’s pioneering work in the psychology of the unconscious as
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justification for impulsive behavior.
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Knute Rockne and Red Grange were associated with
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college and professional football
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in 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first person to
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fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean
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The highly publicized Scopes trial
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concerned the teaching of the theory of evolution
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President Roosevelt’s signature program was called
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the New Deal
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The Civilian Conservation Corps was developed by the Roosevelt administration to
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give young men jobs on conservation projects
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The Tennessee Valley Authority
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helped supply power to impoverished rural communities
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The New Deal most improved the quality of life in rural America by
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providing electricity through the Rural Electrification Administration
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The Works Progress Administration, which operated from 1935 to 1943
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generated jobs for thirteen million unemployed men and women
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The Social Security Act of 1935 provided
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old-age pensions, grants to states for dependent mothers and children, and unemployment insurance
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President Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his role in
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negotiating and end to the Russo-Japanese War
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President Wilson's initial reaction to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 was to
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proclaim America’s absolute neutrality
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A complex web of European military and diplomatic alliances determined the scope of World War I; but the event that triggered the war was
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the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Bosnian Serb terrorist
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Before the outbreak of World War I, Europe was divided into
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the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance
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The Zimmermann telegram
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promised Mexico its former territories in the United States if it would declare war on its northern neighbor
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During World War I, the Germans introduced
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trench warfare using poison gas and barbed wire
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