History - An Overview Of Spanish Colonization

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The Philippine islands had caught the attention of Europeans with the Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorer

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Ferdinand Magellan in 1521

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Magellan claimed the lands for Spain and named them _ in honor of King _ (for whom the island was named).

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Islas de San Lazaro

Philip II

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After the voyage of Magellan, four expeditions were sent:

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Loaisa (1525),

Cabot (1526),

Saavedra (1527),

Villalobos (1542), and Legazpi (1564) by Spain.

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gave the name Las Islas Filipinas (after Philip II of Spain).

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Ruy López de Villalobos

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The Legazpi expedition was the most successful.

_ became the country's first governor-general.

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Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

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became the country's first governor-general. In _, he established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu

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Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

1565

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was founded in 1571, and by the end of the 16th century most of areas in Luzon were under Spanish control.

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Manila

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But the Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu, whom the Spanish called __

were never completely subdued by Spain

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Moros

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were very important that it could even buy a land or used as a dowry.

This was because they engaged in voyage, exploration and discovery that made the spices so important for food preservation.

The desire to spread Catholicism was also one of the reasons.

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Spices

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the Spanish were unsuccessful in converting Muslim Sultanates to Christianity and warred with Muslim Filipinos throughout their _ year colonial rule.

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300

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One of the techniques used by Spain to put the natives under their control was using the method of

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divide and conquer

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Under the

Spaniards have obtained the support of local chiefs by giving gifts and exempting them from tributes and polo and even concluded blood compact with native rules.

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policy of attraction

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Catholic missionaries converted the native chiefs and family members to the catholic faith.

was carried upon where large numbers of Filipinos at one time enabled the initial conversion to Christianity.

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Mass baptism

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The converted natives became fanatic and began to follow blindly the dictates of the friars because of their value in the

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salvation of soul.

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Although the natives were converted to Christians, they were still allowed to go on with some folk beliefs and practices like sacrificial offerings and among others which resulted to adaptation of Christianity to the local context known as

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“folk christianism”

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To finalize their control over the natives, they built _ or _ where the people were made to live in the area within hearing distance of church bells (bajo de la campana)

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“plaza complex” or “pueblo”

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was purposely built to attract people living in the riverbanks to live within the vicinity of the plaza so that their activities could easily be monitored by the Spaniards

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The plaza complex or pueblo

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Those who preferred to live within the vicinity of the pueblos were known as _

while those who refused were known as

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taong-loob

taong-labas or remontados, cimarrones, ladrones, or tulisanes

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This policy was called

designed to control easily the movements and actions of a large number of Filipinos.

It was also designed to enable Spain to collect taxes from the natives.

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reduccion or resettlement policy

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With the establishment of _, the church and the plaza became the center of all significant activities of the natives from birth to death. The plaza became witness to the injustices, oppression and exploitation suffered by Filipinos in the hands of colonial masters.

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pueblo

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The King of Spain governed the Philippines through the

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Governor-general

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He was the king’s representative in all state and religious matters and as such he exercise extensive powers. He held the executive, legislative and judicial powers.

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King of Spain

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Under the Governor-general were the _ who ruled in province,

the _ who controlled the town and the _ who headed the barangay.

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Alcalde mayor

Gobernadorcillo

Cabeza de barangay

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An elite class exploited the masses, fostered by the __ relationship between the Spaniards and the Filipinos.

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master-slave

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The social classification was based on

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race

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The highest class consists of the

(Spaniards born in Spain);

Spanish officials, friars;

the middle class were the _ (Spaniards born the Philippines)

or popularly known as Filipinos, Creoles,

the lowest strata were the _

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Peninsulares

Insulares

Indios.

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were addressed as Filipinos by the Peninsulares because they were born in the Philippines and being looked down by the latter.

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The Insulares

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stated "The Spaniards were a non-laboring class, they never dirtied their hands".

• Spanish didn't do the building.

Known to "never dirty their hands", the Spanish gave the orders, the natives did the work.

"The Spanish were essentially a non-producing class. They were priests, soldiers, office holders and their families.

Their arrival in the colony transformed every Spanish into a nobleman, who disdained manual labor."

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Onofre D. Corpuz - filipino historian

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Central to the friars' dominant position was their monopoly of education at all levels. They controlled the educational system from the _ level to the _ levels.

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primary-tertiary

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Since the friars inevitably occupied a dominant position in the Philippine educational system, therefore, _ was the main subject in school

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religion

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True or false

Fear of God and obedience to the friars was instilled in the minds of the people.

Mathematics and Science was not given importance. The Indios were also constantly reminded that they had inferior intelligence and that they were fit for manual labor.

This could be one factor that we tend to feel inferior as Filipinos when comparing ourselves to other races.

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TRUE

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t/f

for almost three hundred years since the Spaniards settled in the Philippines, yet there was no systematic government supervision of school.

The schools that were built were exclusive only for the Spaniards and limited to the sons of wealthy Filipino families

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TRUE

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It was only in the late 19th century Filipinos were only able to attend school.

It was only in _ that the Spanish government decreed that a system of free public primary education be established in the Philippines.

1520s-

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1863

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(wealthy locals or later known as educated Filipinos) who could afford to send their children to school. Some of them even went to Europe to study.

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illustrados