History - An Overview Of Pre-Colonial Philippines

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TRUE OR FALSE

Long before the coming of the Spaniards, the early Filipinos had already developed their own unique culture, beliefs, practices and civilization.

Some of these cultures, beliefs and practices can still be observed among the Filipinos at present.

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TRUE

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Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Filipinos lived in a settlement called 1 headed by chieftain known as a 2

The “3” or “4” represented an independent community.

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barangay

Datu

balangay/barangay

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It was like a having a sort of kingdom to govern.

In terms of land area, the “1” in pre- Spanish era could be compared at present to the whole province of Iloilo or combined provinces of Aklan and Capiz.

Alliances among barangays were common and these were formalized in a ritual called 2

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barangay

sangduguan

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it was the Datu and the village elders who promulgated such laws, which were then announced and explained to the people by a town crier called

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the umalohokan

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The Datu offered protection to his constituents and in return the people pay tribute and serve him both in times of 1

The subjects served their chieftain also during voyages, planting and harvest. They also paid tributes called 2

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war and peace

buwis

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There was also a division of classes where the Datu and his family were the ruling class and the lowest were the 2.

The 1 and his family constituted the highest authority in the barangay.

They represented the apex of pre-Spanish nobility in the Philippine Archipelago.

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DATU

SLAVES

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Before the early Filipinos was colonized by the Spaniards, there was already an existence of the so-called 1 headed by the 2

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state

Datu.

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An examples of these states were the

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• existence the Muslim Sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao

• Confederation of Madya-as

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a pre-Hispanic Philippine state in the Visayas region established in the 13th century by the datus (chiefs), led by __ who had fled from the tyranny of Rajah Makatunao of Borneo.

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Confederation of Madya-as

Datu Puti

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was unique because all trials were held in public. This was to give warning to the people that anyone who went against the rules would meet the same fate.

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The judicial process

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Whenever a case cannot be readily decided upon the barangay court, they resorted to

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trial by ordeal

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was employed to determine guilt or innocence. It was related to their belief of supernatural existence. It was believed that God would intervene in the outcome if the accused was innocent or guilty.

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The trial by ordeal

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This method required the suspects or accused to do something dangerous or even life-threatening. If the accused survived the ordeal, he or she is (usually) proclaimed innocent.

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trial by ordeal

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was based on the belief that the Gods protect the innocent and punished the guilty.

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The trial by ordeal

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The court to find out the guilty persons utilized three ordeals.

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The river ordeal

The boiling water ordeal

The candle ordeal.

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For example the suspects or accused would pick a stone in a boiling water and the one having a severe burn was guilty

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the boiling water ordeal,

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the accused were to plunge into the river along with their spears and the first one to rise was guilty because he could not make it under water

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river ordeal

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the accused whose candle was first to extinguish was guilty. Although this sort of justice system is currently not being observed today but its implication remains.

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candle ordeal

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For example, if injustice is committed against us and it seems that justice is hard to achieve, then we tend to believe that God is there to provide one. It is like saying

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“ipinapasaDiyos”.

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The only written laws of pre-colonial Philippines that have survived are the _&_

both prepared in Panay but in _

_ however, has disputed the authenticity of the Code of Kalantiaw.

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• Maragtas Code

• Code of Kalantiaw

1433

W. Henry Scott

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pre-colonial Filipinos had already made contact with Chinese traders, Indians, Indonesians and even established trading and diplomatic relations with countries as far away as the Middle East.

Maybe that would explain why that the system of writing of early Filipinos was of Sanskrit origin.

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TRUE

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Aside from being farmers, hunters, weapon-makers, and seafarers, the pre-colonial Filipinos were also involved in such professions as

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mining, textiles, and smithing

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is one best example of such talent in farming.

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The Banaue Rice Terraces

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They also excelled in craftsmanship that they locally-produced items such as pots, jewelry, and clothing. Our early ancestors were also were very proficient in the art of war.

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TRUE

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They were experts in making swords, spears, and knew how to fire guns and cannons. They were even good in hand-to-hand combats.

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Forefathers / Early Filipinos

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The Spaniards had used the _ strategy (befriending a particular barangay to fight another barangay) to control the islands during their entire reign.

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divide-and-conquer

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In terms of marriage customs, _ usually arranged marriage.

_ was resorted to in case of marital troubles

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parents

Divorce

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As for women, they occupied a high position in early Philippine society. Women shared equal footing with men in early society. Early laws and customs recognized them as the

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equal of men

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As a show of respect, men were even required to walk _ their wives.

Women were allowed to divorce, own and inherit property, and even led their respective barangays or territories

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behind

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They could even inherit chieftaincy if they were brave, possessed wisdom, a leadership ability and if they were daughters of Datus with no sons

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True

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The women also had a say in how many children they wanted, had the sole right to name their children, could dictate the terms of their marriage and even retain their maiden names if they chose to do so.

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true

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In terms of sexual matters, sexual freedom was restricted.

You might be surprised to know that the early Filipinos did not give more emphasis on the value of virginity before marriage.

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FALSE - was not

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This was because they had no concept of virginity. The idea of women's chastity before marriage was introduced by the

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Spaniards

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TRUE/FALSE

married women could even demand that their husbands used penis pins or penis rings for their sexual satisfaction.

Maybe because one of the grounds for divorce was not being sexually satisfied.

Also amazingly, there was no existence of prostitution during the pre-colonial days.

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TRUE