History - An Overview Of Pre-Colonial Philippines

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It could be said that pre-colonial Philippines was largely matriarchal, women held great weight in matters of politics and religion because they also headed the rituals as the

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Babaylans

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Being a ___ (priest/priestess) was a very prestigious position in pre-Spanish period and was often occupied by women

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Babaylan

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T/F

It was during the Spanish period that women were relegated women to stay at home and gave support to their husbands.

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True

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The Babaylans were reduced to a mere

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“quack doctor”

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It was also ingrained by the Spaniards into the minds of our ancestors that the epitome of being a woman was to act like

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Maria Clara

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(passive, submissive, naïve, demure and powerless).

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Maria Clara

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if the Filipino women are quite liberal-minded and assertive, meaning, we could say that we owed our being liberal-mindedness and assertiveness not to the Americans and certainly not to the Spanish, but to the _

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pre-colonial ancestors

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More than a hundred languages and dialects exist in the Philippines.

Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Samarnon or Waray and Maguindanao may be considered major languages.

Some of the Tagalog words that are used today hava a

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sanskrit origin.

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There was an evidence of the high level of pre-Hispanic culture like having a native literature as illustrated by the Ilocano’s ballad-epic narrating the life and bravery of _ in his conquest of the various indigenous groups in the main island of Luzon

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Lam-ang

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represents high aspects of a culture that was handed down from generation to the next in the form of poetry, ballads, songs, and dances that depict religious, festive, heroic, folk, seasonal, or about harvest, love, or war.

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oral tradition

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It is believed that the natives already wore clothes and personal ornaments.

They wore 1/2

saya or patadyong They also wore gem-studded bracelets, necklaces, rings, and gold earrings.

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a bahag, a baro

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The Filipinos from the Visayas Islands were the most tattooed, which was why early Spanish writers referred to them as

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Pintados or painted people

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The writers Visayas Island referred to their Islands as

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Islas del Pintados or Islands of the Painted People.

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Tattoos were part of the body ornaments of pre-Hispanic Filipinos, men and women alike.

These were also sported as war “_.”

The more tattoos, the more impressive was a man’s war record. On the part women tattoo signified

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medals

beauty

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Early Filipinos had a syllabary made of _ symbols, _ vowels and _ consonants Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, the native inhabitants were literate and had their own system of writing called

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seventeen

three

fourteen

Baybayin

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The theory of David Diringer states that the language derived from

on the other hand, _ suggests that the writings might be influenced by an Indian priests who were knowledgeable with the _

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Kavi or old Javanese

Fletcher Gardner

Brahms scripts.

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When the Spaniards found out that our ancestors were educated and literate they:

who studied and learned the Baybayin script for better communication with the natives.

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friars/Spanish priests

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Spanish friars and missionaries replaced the tribal tutors and imposed upon the natives the value of religion using

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Baybayin

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Unfortunately, the early Filipinos became ignorant and illiterate because they were deprived of education by the Spaniards.

Worst, the _ was neglected and was not used by succeeding generations because it was replaced by the _

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Baybayin script

Roman alphabets.

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TRUR OR FALSE

As result, this made the pre-colonial Filipinos became more easily susceptible to foreign control and influence.

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true

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true or false

Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of Roman Catholicism early Filipinos already believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after death.

Hence, they subscribed to the idea of _

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TRUE

heaven and hell.

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Early Filipinos easily embraced Christianity because they have already these beliefs of life after death, heaven, hell and the existence of Supreme Being or God.

That made Catholicism a powerful tool employed by the Spaniards to control us for more than

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300 years.

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The indigenous inhabitants were adherents of animism or the worship of nature. Along with this belief, they tend to worship idols, called _ in Tagalog and _ in Visayan.

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anitos

diwata

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It is here that the concept of _ comes into play.

Disease or illness was attributed to the whims of the environmental spirits and the soul-spirits of the dead relatives.

They were also strong believers of superstitious beliefs.

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mariit

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Beliefs such as _ (a child greeted by a stranger will get sick) and lihi are also present. Superstitious beliefs were also common.

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usog

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They believed in aswang, manoghiwit and many more who could victimize people.

1. (a man having the head of a horse)

2. (a giant that is smoking tobacco)

3.(monster-like, vampire-esque child)

4. (fireball),

4.2 (dwarves and elves)

5. (witches who feed on fetus' blood),

6. (minor spirits)

7. (fairies/nymphs)

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1. tikbalang

2. kapre

3. tiyanak

4. santelmo

4.2. duwende

5. mananangal

6. engkanto

7. diwata

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They also believed in efficacy of anting-anting or amulets as well as

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lumay or gayuma

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The result was the blending of the early beliefs and practices of early Filipinos and that of the Roman Catholics which has led some foreign authors to describe them as

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Pagano-Christians or

Folk-Christianity/ Folk-Catholicism.

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is still being carried on or observed up to the present-day by the Filipinos.

The best examples are the Dinagyang and Ati-Atihan festivals.

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Folk-Christianity

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_ was the first Muslim community in Mindanao to establish a centralized government when the Sultanate of Sulu was established in _.

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Sulu 1450

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was the founder and the first sultan of the Sulu sultanate.

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Hashim Abubakar

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Abubakar belongs to a sharif lineage. The term sharif is a title of

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nobility

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In the early part of the18th century, the _ sultanate rose to the height of its power controlling the following territories;

the whole Zamboanga peninsula, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Palawan and Sabah.

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Sulu

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True or false

Also during this period, the sultanate strengthened its military alliance, trade and foreign relations with neighboring nations like Brunei, Batavia (present-day Jakarta) and even China

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true

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The spread of Islam to Mindanao between 1 and 2 was part of the political goal of the Sulu sultanate.

became known in history as the center of Islamic learning in this country.

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1450 and 1500

Sulu

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The full Islamization of the west coast of Mindanao was accelerated with the arrival of _ in Malabang in 1515.

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Muhammad Sharif Kabungsuwan

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the first sultan of Sulu,

is also an Arab and a descendant of Nabi Muhammad (S.A.W.) he established the Sultanate of Maguindanao somewhere in 1516.

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Abubakar

Sharif Kabungsuwan

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he was responsible for the spread of Islam in Mindanao.

He led a force of Muslim Samals from Jahore that conquered the natives of what is now Cotabato and converted them to Islam.

He also married a lady from an influential family.

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Sharif Kabungsuwan

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True or false

The Islamization of Southeast Asia was generally accomplished by peaceful means through Muslim traders, missionaries, and teachers.

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true

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When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines during the first half of the _ century, many parts of Luzon, including the large native kingdoms of Manila and Tondo, had already been Islamized.

However, the further spread and influence of Islam were stopped by _ colonization of the Philippines.

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16th

Spanish