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157 Cards in this Set
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Little Rock 1957
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Ike forced to send National Guard to escort black children to school to quell riots and resistance (first time since Reconstruction that troops used in the south to enforce Constitution); resistance by white community (private schools)
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Freedom Riders
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Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
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James Meredith
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He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.
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"Letter from Birmingham Jail"
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A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.
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March on Washington 1963
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intention of this was to get a civil rights act, 250,000 people showed up; MLK spoke, JFK said there should be a civil rights act; signed by Lyndon Johnson (kennedy's v.p.)
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"I have a dream"
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Given August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Civil Rights Act 1964
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This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
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Voting Rights Act 1965
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1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap
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Lyndon Johnson
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signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.
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Great Society
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President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
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War on Poverty
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President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly
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Election of 1964
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Lyndon B. Johnson (D) vs. Barry Goldwater (R). Johnson won by a landslide and used this election to push through even more Great Society progressive legislation
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Miranda v. Arizona
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1966 Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel.
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SDS
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Students for a Democratic Society-an antiestablishment New Left group, founded in 1960, this group charged that corporations and large government institutions had taken over America; they called for a restoration of "participatory democracy" and greater individual freedom
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Free Speech Movement
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led by Berkley college students who were fighting the restriction of free speech
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Counter culture
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group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of culture patterns
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Beats
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a United States youth subculture of the 1950s
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Hippies
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believed in anti-materalism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude toward sex and anti-conformity, (1960s) practiced free love and took drugs, flocked to San Francisco- low rent/interracial, they lived in communal "crash pads", smoked marijuana and took LSD, sexual revolution, new counter culture, Protestors who influenced US involvement in Vietnam
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Deadheads
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This was the term that referred to The Grateful Dead's fan base.
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Bob Dylan
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A twentieth-century American folksinger and songwriter. His music, with its strong note of social protest, was especially popular during the 1960s, when he wrote songs such as "Blowin' in the Wind," "The Times They Are A-Changin'," and "Like a Rolling Stone."
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Woodstock
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a free music festival that attracted more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate New York in August 1969
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Kent State
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an Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4,1970, wounding nine and killing four
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Jackson State
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Black Mississippi College, anti war demonstrators seize womens dorm, unprovoked state police open fire, kill 2 (innocent & unarmed, wound 12)
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Ho Chi Minh
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1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable
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Vietnam War
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a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States
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Vietminh
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an organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence from the French
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Domino theory
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the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
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Tonkin Gulf incident
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1964, US destroyer torpedos fired and Americans called an air force raid on a North Vietnamese boat
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Tonkin Gulf Resolution
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This gave the president authority to take "all neccessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States."
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Rolling Thunder
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bombing campaign escalating against North Vietnam. target was the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and network of trails, bridges, and shelters in North Vietnam to Cambodia and Laos to South Viet. This bombing had little affect on Vietcong and they began to make underground tunnel systems.
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Escalation
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policy of increasing military involvement in Vietnam
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Body counts
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Measure of Success in Vietnam, # of Vietcong killed
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Antiwar protests
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As a reaction to Johnson sending more troops into Vietnam, extreme example would be Kent State University Massacre
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Robert S. McNamara
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was the secretary of defense under Kennedy. He helped develop the flexible response policy. He was against the war in Vietnam and was removed from office because of this.
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Tet Offensive 1968
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series of Communist attacks on 44 South Vietnamese cities; although the Viet Cong suffered a major defeat, the attacks ended the American view that the war was winnable and destroyed the nation's will to escalate the war further.
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Eugene McCarthy
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a little known Democratic Senator from Minnesota, he represented the Democratic party in the 1968 presidential election. He was a devout Catholic and a soft-spoken, sometimes poet. He used a group of antiwar college students as his campaign workers. He, with the help of his "Childrens Crusade", got 42% of the democratic votes and 20 out of 24 convention delegates.
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LBJ withdraws 1968
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LBJ says he will "not seek, and i will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president"
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King assassination
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April 4, 1968 While supporting sanitation workers strike which had been marred by violence in Memphis, King was shot by James Earl Ray, Riots result in 125 cities
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Robert Kennedy assassination
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He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans, assassinated before finishing his political race
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Chicago 1968
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Democratic presidential nominating convention; 10,000 antiwar protesters and supporter of anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy, gathered outside as Hubert Humphrey was decided upon as the Democratic candidate in 1968. Civil disobedience turned into a "police riot" at the instigation of Chicago Mayor Daly.
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George Wallace
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racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot
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Election of 1968
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1968; McCarthy challenged LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Kennedy and McCarthy were left on the Democratic ballot; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war
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Silent majority
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label nixon gave to middle-class americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s
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Richard Nixon
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he was elected to be US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam
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Spiro Agnew
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nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of maryland. he was replaced by gerald r. ford.
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Henry Kissinger
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The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).
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Vietnamization
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President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
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Cambodia incursion
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Nixon announced that the war was ceasing and Communism was weakening. He was secretly bombing Cambodia, and then announced to the public that he was dispatching thousands of troops to destroy the bases in Cambodia. This led to many campus demonstrations, and 4 students killed.
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Détente
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relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China
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Nixon doctrine
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the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid
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Visit to China
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Nixon attmepted to improve relations with Mao Zedong's Red China, traveled to Beijing, ultimately led to US recognition of the communist gov't in 1979
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SALT I
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the first treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
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Cesar Chavez and UFW
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United Farm Workers Leader; helped organize and improve working conditions of migrant farm workers; used protests and boycotts (non-violent means) to achieve their goals and gain support
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Chicano
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a term meaning "Mexican American", it's positive and it demonstrates a love for one's indigenous roots
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American Indian Movement
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led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre
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The Feminine Mystique
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Written by feminist Betty Friedan. It launched the modern women's movement. It was read by millions of able, educated women.
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Equal Rights Amendment
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constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
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Paris Peace treaty
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Jan '73 Kissinger treaty with the North Vienamese (US aid in postwar reconstruction) & Gen. Nguyen Van Thieu. The US supported South Vienamese govt & promised to send troops back if needed --by March of '73 the last US troops went home
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Earth day
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A day created in 1970 about celebrating and caring for the Earth
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OSHA
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a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment
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Stagflation
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During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.
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Election of 1972
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With the McGovern campaign in shambles and the Watergate scandal contained, Nixon won overwhelmingly (61% and 520 electoral votes). McGovern, supported only by minorities and low-income voters, carried only MA and Washington DC.
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George McGovern
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George Stanley McGovern, Ph.D (born July 19, 1922) is a former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. McGovern lost the 1972 presidential election in a landslide to incumbent Richard Nixon. McGovern was most noted for his opposition to the Vietnam War. He is currently serving as the United Nations global ambassador on hunger.
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The plumbers
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group of people to plug and secure security leaks formed by Nixon and Ehrlichman after info on the Vietnam War (Pentagon Papers) was leaked
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Agnew resigns
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October 1973, forced because he accepted bribes from Maryland contractors since he had been governor
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Smoking gun
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evidence that Nixon had participated in the Watergate cover-up, which led to certain impeachment
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Nixon resigns
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1974 because he was facing impeachment, first and only resignation. resulted from political scandal in Democratic National Committee. also tried many of his administrators.
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Gerald Ford
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president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned
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War Powers Act
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Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days; designed to curtail President's power
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Yom Kippur War
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(RN), , This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.
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Energy crisis
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when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.
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Shuttle diplomacy
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international negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties
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Helsinki summit
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US, Soviets & European leaders decide to recognize political boundaries that had divided Eastern and Western Europe since 1945
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OPEC
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an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum
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Election of 1976
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Gerald Ford (Republican) ran against former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter (Democrat). Ford lost country's support because of his pardon of Nixon, and Carter won the nomination by portraying himself as an honest and candid "outsider," untainted by Washington politics.
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Jimmy Carter
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President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow
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Three Mile Island
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1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.
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Recognition of China
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Carter formally recognized the government of Communist People's Republic of China
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SALT II
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Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.
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Camp David Accords
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A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989)
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Iran Crisis
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In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.
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Ronald Reagan
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president, 1981-1989, who led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government; some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies.
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George H. W. Bush
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President after Reagan, President when Cold War ended and when Sadam Hussein invaded Kuwait, sent troops to Iran which started the Persian Gulf war
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Margaret Thatcher
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leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.
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John Paul II
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(1920-2005) Archbishop of Krakúwin, Poland. He was elected in 1978, succeeding John Paul I. He had a three-pronged policy: 1. maintaining traditionalist doctrine, stressing the authority of the papacy and attempted to limit experimentation. 2. Anti-communism, which clashed with the government. 3. Encouraging growth of the church and stressing the need for social justice. He was the first pope to be elected from Poland.
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M*A*S*H
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A film and later a television series about the staff of a battlefield hospital during the Korean War; it is an acronym for "mobile army surgical hospital." The film and the television program offered humor and serious observations about politics, love, friendship, and war.
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All in the Family
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1971, Norman Lear the shows creator felt that TV comedy should not only funny, but provocative and stimulating. It was the first show to commonly used topics such as racism, sexism, and religious bigotry, as the basis for plots. Show attracted and held a large audience holding the number one spot for 5 years.
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Election of 1980
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Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.
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Jerry Falwell
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Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools
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Teflon president
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Reagan was the oldest man to ever serve as president, yet he was often vigorous, resilient, and youthful, even after an assassination attempt in 1981, which he bounced back from quickly. Even when things went wrong, as they often did, the blame seldom seemed to attach to Reagan himself, inspiring some Democrats to begin referring to him as the Teflon president.
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Supply-side economics
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An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.
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Reaganomics
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The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.
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Military build up
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Reagan supported anti-communist movements worldwide and spent his first term forgoing the strategy of détente by ordering a massive military buildup in an arms race with the USSR
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Star Wars
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Strategic Defense Initiative pursued by Reagan in the 1980s; involved satellite defense against missiles
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Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro
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He was the vice president of Carter and when he won the democratic nomination he was defeated by a landslide by Reagan. He was the first presidential candidate to have a woman vice president, Geraldine Ferraro.
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Election of 1984
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Reagan ran against Walter Mondale , who chose Geraldine Ferraro the 1st woman for VP. Reagan won by a landslide with 525 electoral votes
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Marines in Lebanon
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Peace Keeping mission that failed that ended up killing several thousands marines from two bomb trucks being ran into a U.S military base
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Boland Amendment
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response to CIA attempting to overthrow the govt in Nicaragua, forbids the CIA or any other agency or entity involved in intelligence activities to spend money to support the Contras (many memebers served the oppresive regime that the US had backed & had been overthrown in '79)
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Iran-Contra
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a political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan contras.
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Oliver North
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One of the chief figures in the Iran-Contra scandal was Marine Colonel Oliver North, an aide to the NSC. He admitted to covering up their actions, including shredding documents to destroy evidence. IMP. Although Reagan did approve the sale of arms to Iran he was not aware of the diversion of money to the contras. This still tainted his second term in office.
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Irangate
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the whole Iran weapon selling ordeal (Reagan's Watergate)
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)
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Glasnost
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a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems
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Perestroika
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a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
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Election of 1988
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George Bush (winner) vs. Michael Dukakis. Bush was elected on the strength of his association with Regan, seeming poised to confirm the ascendancy of his predecessor's conservative values.
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Michael Dukakis
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he was governor of Massachusetts & George Bush's democratic opponent in the election of 1988
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Fall of communism
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AKA Revolutions of 1989, was a revolutionary wave that swept across Central and Eastern Europe in late 1989, ending in the overthrow of Soviet-style communist states within the space of a few months. The Soviet Union collapsed by the end of 1991.
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Berlin Wall 1989
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In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down. The fall of the wall marked an end to Soviet influence in the country and allowed for Germany to become reunited.
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Gulf War
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a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution
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Saddam Hussein
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President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.
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Operation Desert Storm
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Military operations that started on January 16, 1991, with a bombing campaign, followed by a ground invasion of February 23 and 24, 1991. The ground war lasted 100 hours and resulted in a spectacularly one-sided military victory for the Coalition.
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Clarence Thomas
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This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court.
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S & L Crisis
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savings and loans crisis- savings and loans were going down so the govt allowed more lenient investment which led to corruption that would cost billions for the Bush adminsitation to back by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
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AIDS
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a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles
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Election of 1992
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Bill Clinton won over George H.W. Bush because of the economy's problems and the solving of foreign policy problems, Bush's greatest strength.
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Bill Clinton
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This Democrat served as president from 1993 to 2001, during a period of intense partisanship in the US government. His plan to provide universal health care to all Americans was defeated by Republican Newt Gingrich's "Contract with America" movement and a well-organized opposition from the doctors' lobbying organization (the American Medical Association). His few domestic and international successes were overshadowed by the Monica Lewinsky sex scandal that led to his impeachment and eventual acquittal.
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It's the economy stupid
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Clinton's way of focusing the presidential race around the economy and not issues of character. It helped him win the '92 race.
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Migration chain
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immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular city or neighborhood whether in an immigrant receiving country or in a new, usually urban, location in the home country
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Asian Americans
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had become the fastest growing ethnic minority by the 1980s; were well represented in the best colleges and universities due to a strong dedication to education
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Latinos
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people in the United States who trace their origins to Latin American countries and cultures (Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America)
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Whitewater
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Real estate venture gone wrong from which the Clintons both received special treatment, one of his critics attempts to discredit the president morally
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Boris Yeltsin
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President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.
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Bosnia
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political chaos occurred between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims after its independence; the 1995 Dayton Accords established some type of stability
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Croatia
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september 1991 the yugoslavian army initiated a full assault on this country in which they gained 1/3 of the property by brutal force
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Kosovo
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region of Yugoslavia that had autonomy until Milosovic attempted to crush the Albanian group with ethnic cleansing; 1999 NATO used military strikes against Yugoslavia until the crisis came to an end in 1999
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NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada
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Hillary Clinton
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Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000
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Newt Gingrich
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Representative from Georgia who led the "Contract with America" and eventually became the Speaker of the House; he and Clinton battled many times while he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget
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Contract with America
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(WJC)Gingrich, President can delete specific items passed by the Congress, proposed constitutional amendment to limit the term of office was ignore, imposed federal mandates on states without providing the money
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Welfare reform
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Ended guarantees of federal aid to children, turned over programs such programs to states, food stamp spending cut, added five year limit on payments to any family.
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Monica Lewinsky
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1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000
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Kenneth Starr
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special prosecutor who was appointed to investigate Whitewater case; recommended impeachment of Clinton
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Election of 2000
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Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush
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Al Gore
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Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College
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George W. Bush
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43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001
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Chad
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a landlocked desert republic in north-central Africa
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ARPANET
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A computer network developed by the Advanced Research Project Agency (now the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency) in the 1960s and 1970s as a means of communication between research laboratories and universities. ARPANET was the predecessor to the Internet.
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Tim Berners-Lee
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invented a standard programming language called HTML and the protocol to move information through the Internet called HTTP.
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Bill Gates
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American computer software designer who Co-founded Microsoft and built it into one of the Largest computer software manufacturers
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Rodney King
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four white police officers acquitted after being charged for beating this man in 1992. Riots erupt in Los Angeles afterward.
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O. J. Simpson
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Accused of the murder of Nicole Brown-his ex wife, his trial was very controversial with all the racial problems going on at the time
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Proposition 187
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California measure designed to deny welfare and other benefits to illegal aliens. Overwhelmingly passed the popular vote, but overturned in federal court because it extending beyond the bounds of state rights to attempt to control immigration.
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Condoleezza Rice
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secretary of state under GW Bush. first African-American woman secretary of state. pioneered a policy of Transformational Diplomacy, with a focus on democracy in the greater Middle East.
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Colin Powell
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Colin Powell was an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.
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Donald Rumsfeld
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Secretary of defense under Bush-wanted the war in Iraq-created the link between Al Queada and Iraq-Coined the terms "war on terror" and Weapons of Mass Destruction-Suspended the geneva convention -resigned in 2006
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Oklahoma City 1995
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A bombing that had the most deaths and considered the worst domestic terrorist attack until 9/11.
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Wahabbis
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shiite extremists; lived in Saudia Arabia
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Al Qaeda
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a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001
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Afghanistan
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was an Islamic oligarchy, but had its first democratic elections in 2004, after the defeat of the Taliban
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Bin Laden
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Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957)
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Anthrax scare
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discovery of anthrax-laden letters in East Coast cities spurs fear of terrorism within America
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USA Patriot Act
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A U.S. federal act that broadens the surveillance of law enforcement agencies to enhance the detection and suppression of terrorism
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War in Iraq
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Also known as war on terror, began in 2003 Saddam Hussein was said to have Weapons of Mass Destruction; none were found.
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Preemption
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the right of a government to seize or appropriate something (as property)
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Saddam Hussein
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President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.
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Tony Blair
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British Labour Prime Minister, 1997 to 2007; staunch American Ally on war against terrorism
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