Hi Yields From First Aid

Front 1

Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly?

Back 1

Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)

Front 2

Achilles tendon xanthoma?

Back 2

Familial hypercholesterolemia (type 2a)

Front 3

Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC?

Back 3

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)

Front 4

Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints?

Back 4

Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin defect)

Front 5

Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss?

Back 5

Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)

Front 6

Big toe extension / fanning upon plantar scrape?

Back 6

Babinski sign (UMN lesion)

Front 7

Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis?

Back 7

Sarcoidosis

Front 8

Blue sclera?

Back 8

Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)

Front 9

Bluish line on gingiva?

Back 9

Burton's line (lead poisoning)

Front 10

Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis?

Back 10

Paget's disease of bone (increase activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts)

Front 11

Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules?

Back 11

Neurofibromatosis 1 (chr. 17)

Front 12

Calf pseudohypertrophy?

Back 12

Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchennes)

Front 13

"Cherry-red spot" on macula?

Back 13

Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation)

Niemann-Pick (lysosomal storage disease)

Front 14

Chest pain, pericardial effusion, friction rub, persistent fever - all following an MI?

Back 14

Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis)

Front 15

Child uses arms to stand up from squat?

Back 15

Gower's sign (Duchenne's MD)

Front 16

Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body?

Back 16

"Slapped cheeks" (erythema infectiosum / fifth disease) from parvovirus B19 infection

Front 17

Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration?

Back 17

Huntington's disease (autosomal dominant expansion of CAG)

Front 18

Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps?

Back 18

McArdle's disease

A deficiency in muscle phosphorylase

Front 19

Cold intolerance?

Back 19

Hypothyroidism

Front 20

Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia?

Back 20

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Damage to the MLF

Bilateral = multiple sclerosis, unilateral = stroke

Front 21

Continuous "machinery" heart murmur?

Back 21

PDA

Can close w/ indomethacin, can keep open with misoprostol

Front 22

Cutaneous / dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition?

Back 22

Myxedema (hypothyroidism, Grave's disease)

Front 23

Dark purple skin, mouth nodules?

Back 23

Kaposi's sarcoma

Associated with HHV-8; almost seen invariably in AIDS-positive men only

Front 24

Deep, labored breathing / hyperventilation?

Back 24

Kussmaul breathing

Seen in DKA

Front 25

Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea?

Back 25

Pellagra

Deficiency in niacin (B3)

Front 26

Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy?

Back 26

Wet beriberi

Deficiency in thiamine (B1)

Front 27

Dog or cat bite resulting in infection?

Back 27

Pasturella multocida

Front 28

Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis?

Back 28

Sjogren's syndrome

Associated with SS-A and SS-B antibodies

Front 29

Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia?

Back 29

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

May progress to esophageal SCC

Front 30

Elastic skin, hyper-mobility of joints?

Back 30

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (collagen defect)

Front 31

Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node?

Back 31

Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)

Front 32

Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T-cells?

Back 32

Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), or mycosis fungoides

Front 33

Facial muscle spasm upon tapping?

Back 33

Chvostek's sign

Seen in hypocalcemia

Front 34

Symptoms of Sezary syndrome / mycosis fungoides?

Back 34

Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T-cells

Front 35

Fat, female, forty, and fertile?

Back 35

Acute cholecystitis from bile duct blockage due to stone

Front 36

Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis?

Back 36

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

From rapid lysis of spirochetes, which results in toxin release

Front 37

Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash?

Back 37

Measles (morbillivirus)

Front 38

Fever, night sweats, weight loss?

Back 38

B-cell lymphoma

Front 39

Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis?

Back 39

Peyronie's disease

Is a connective tissue disorder

Front 40

Gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy?

Back 40

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Deficiency in HGPRT

Front 41

Green-yellow rings around the peripheral cornea?

Back 41

Kayser-Fleischer rings

Due to copper accumulation from Wilson's disease

Front 42

Hamartomous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands

Back 42

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Front 43

Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms?

Back 43

Gaucher's disease

Deficiency of glucocerebrosidase

Front 44

Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts?

Back 44

Alport's syndrome

Mutation in collagen type 4

Front 45

Hypercoagulability leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis?

Back 45

Trousseau's sign

Seen in conjunction with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or lung

Front 46

Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility?

Back 46

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)

Front 47

HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis?

Back 47

Conn's syndrome

Primary hyperaldosteronism from adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma

Front 48

Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia?

Back 48

"Blue-bloater" seen in chronic bronchitis

Front 49

Undurated, non-tender ulcerated genital lesion?

Back 49

Chancre from primary syphilis

Front 50

Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration?

Back 50

Niemann-Pick disease

Deficiency in sphingomyelinase

Front 51

Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly?

Back 51

Cori disease

Deficiency in debranching enzyme

Also describes von Gierke's

Front 52

Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, and VSD/structural heart defect?

Back 52

Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18)

Front 53

Jaundice, RUQ pain, fever?

Back 53

Charcot's triad

Seen in ascending cholangitis

Front 54

Keratin pearls on a skin lesion?

Back 54

SCC

Front 55

Large rash with a bull's-eye appearance?

Back 55

Erythema chronicum migrans from a tick bite

Seen in Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

Front 56

Lucid interval after a traumatic brain injury?

Back 56

Epidural hematoma

Front 57

Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B-cells?

Back 57

Bruton's X-linked agammaglobulinemia

Front 58

Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time?

Back 58

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia

A defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa

Front 59

Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumerary teeth?

Back 59

Gardner's syndrome (genetic disorder; predisposes to colon cancer)

Front 60

Necrotizing vasculitis of the lungs and necrotizing glomerulonephritis?

Back 60

Wegener's and Goodpasture's syndromes

Front 61

Neonate with arm paralysis following a difficult birth?

Back 61

Erb-Duchenne palsy

Due to a superior trunk injury; causes a "waiter's tip"

Front 62

No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance?

Back 62

Sheehan's syndrome

Front 63

Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech?

Back 63

Charcot's triad for multiple sclerosis

Front 64

Oscillating slow/fast breathing?

Back 64

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

Seen in central apnea in CHF or increased intracranial pressure

Front 65

Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia?

Back 65

Cold agglutinin disease

Seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma, or in infectious mononucleosis

Front 66

Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes?

Back 66

Raynaud's syndrome (vasospasm in the extremitis)

Front 67

Painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles?

Back 67

Osler's node

Seen in infectious endocarditis

Front 68

Painless jaundice?

Back 68

Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing the bile duct

Front 69

Palpable purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain in a child?

Back 69

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

An IgA vasculitis that affects the skin and kidneys

Front 70

Pancreatic, pituitary, and parathyroid tumors?

Back 70

Wermer's syndrome (MEN 1)

Front 71

Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation?

Back 71

"Pink puffer" seen in emphysema

Front 72

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, short stature in a young girl?

Back 72

McCune-Albright syndrome

A mosaic mutation in G-protein signaling

Front 73

Polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances?

Back 73

Fanconi's syndrome

A defect in proximal tubular reabsorption

Front 74

Positive anterior "drawer sign"?

Back 74

ACL injury

Front 75

Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis?

Back 75

Horner's syndrome

Front 76

Pupil accommodates but doesn't react?

Back 76

Argyll-Robertson pupil seen in neurosyphilis

Front 77

Rapidly progresssive leg weakness that ascends, following a GI/upper respiratory infection?

Back 77

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Front 78

Rash on palms and soles?

Back 78

Secondary syphilis

Also seen in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, hand-foot-mouth disease (coxsackie A)

Front 79

Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE?

Back 79

Job's syndrome

Hyper-IgE syndrome; is an abnormality in neutrophil chemotaxis

Front 80

Red "currant jelly" sputum?

Back 80

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Front 81

Red. itchy, swollen rash of the nipple/areola?

Back 81

Paget's disease of the breast

Usually there is an underlying ductal carcinoma

Front 82

Red urine in the morning?

Back 82

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Front 83

Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma?

Back 83

VHL disease

Front 84

Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability?

Back 84

Parkinson's disease

Front 85

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (juvenile form has cardiomegaly), exercise intolerance?

Back 85

Pompe's disease

Deficiency in lysosomal glucosidase

Front 86

Retinal hemorrhages with PALE centers?

Back 86

Roth's spots

Seen in bacterial endocarditis

Front 87

Severe jaundice in neonate?

Back 87

Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Front 88

Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness?

Back 88

McBurney's sign for appendicitis

Front 89

Short stature, increased incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia?

Back 89

Fanconi's anemia; is an inherited defect in DNA repair

Often progresses to AML

Front 90

Single palm crease?

Back 90

Simian crease seen in Down syndrome

Front 91

Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis?

Back 91

Kartagener's syndrome

Defect in ciliary dynein

Front 92

Skin hyperpigmentation?

Back 92

Addison's disease

Primary adrenocortical insufficiency

Front 93

Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys?

Back 93

Becker's muscular dystrophy

Deficiency, not absence, of dystrophin

Front 94

Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers?

Back 94

Koplik spots in measles

Front 95

Small, nontender, erythematous lesions on palms and soles?

Back 95

Janeway lesions in infectious endocarditis

Front 96

Smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals?

Back 96

Condylomata lata

Seen in secondary syphilis

Front 97

Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails?

Back 97

Bacterial endocarditis

Front 98

"Strawberry tongue"?

Back 98

Scarlet fever

Kawasaki disease

Toxic shock syndrome

Front 99

Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney?

Back 99

Turner's syndrome

45 XO; will also see short stature, webbed neck, and lymphedema

Front 100

Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi?

Back 100

Gout/podagra

Yellow when parallel!

Front 101

Swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin?

Back 101

Scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency; can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis

Front 102

Swollen, hard, painful finger joints?

Back 102

Osteoarthritis

Bouchard's nodes on PIP, Heberden's nodes on DIP

Front 103

Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)?

Back 103

Aortic valve stenosis

Front 104

Thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal tumors?

Back 104

Sipple's syndrome (MEN 2A)

Front 105

Ulcerated genital lesions with exudate, painful?

Back 105

Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)

Front 106

Unilateral facial drooping?

Back 106

Bell's palsy

A LMN palsy of CN7

Front 107

Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male?

Back 107

Reiter's syndrome

A reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27

Front 108

Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain)?

Back 108

Hemangioma

Is benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome

Front 109

Vasculitis from exposure to endotoxin causing glomerular thrombosis?

Back 109

Shwartzman reaction

Seen following a second exposure to endotoxin

Front 110

Vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations?

Back 110

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Seen in alcoholic and eating disorders

Front 111

"Waxy" casts with very low urine flow?

Back 111

Chronic end-stage renal disease / CHF

Front 112

WBC casts in urine?

Back 112

Acute pyelonephritis

Front 113

Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy?

Back 113

Whipple's disease

Caused by Tropheryma whippelii

Front 114

"Worst headache of my life"

Back 114

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Can be caused by a berry aneurysm or AV-malformations (will see seizures in these)

Front 115

Anti-centromere antibodies?

Back 115

Scleroderma (CREST)

Front 116

Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies?

Back 116

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

Front 117

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies?

Back 117

Goodpasture's syndrome

Front 118

Antihistone antibodies?

Back 118

Drug-induced SLE

Front 119

Anti-IgG antibodies?

Back 119

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 120

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies?

Back 120

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Front 121

Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA; anti-Smith, anti-dsDNA)?

Back 121

SLE

Front 122

Anti-platelet antibodies?

Back 122

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Front 123

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies?

Back 123

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

Front 124

Anti-transglutaminase / anti-gliadin antibodies?

Back 124

Celiac disease (diarrhea + distension + weight loss)

Front 125

Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts?

Back 125

Auer rods

Front 126

"Bamboo" spine on X-ray?

Back 126

Ankylosing spondylitis

Front 127

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs?

Back 127

Howell-Jolly bodies (seen in splenectomy or a non-functional spleen)

Front 128

Basophilic stippling of RBCs?

Back 128

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

Front 129

Bloody tap on LP?

Back 129

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 130

"Boot-shaped" heart on X-ray?

Back 130

Tetralogy of Fallot

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Front 131

Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules?

Back 131

Actinomyces israelii

Front 132

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor?

Back 132

Pancoast's tumor

Front 133

"Brown" tumor of bone?

Back 133

Hyperparathyroidism

Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease of bone)

Front 134

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy?

Back 134

Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

Front 135

Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule?

Back 135

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

Front 136

"Chocolate cyst" of ovary?

Back 136

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

Front 137

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils?

Back 137

Homer-Wright rosettes

Seen in neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma

Front 138

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lung?

Back 138

Cystic fibrosis

Front 139

Degeneration of dorsal column nerves?

Back 139

Tabes dorsalis

Tertiary syphilis

Front 140

Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra?

Back 140

Parkinson's disease

Front 141

Desquamated granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid?

Back 141

Call-Exner bodies

Seen in granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary

Front 142

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum?

Back 142

Curschmann's spirals

Seen in bronchial asthma

Front 143

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia?

Back 143

Koilocytes seen in HPV

Front 144

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies?

Back 144

"Owls-eye" appearance of CMV

Front 145

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei?

Back 145

"Orphan Annie" eye nuclei

Seen in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Front 146

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell?

Back 146

Mallory bodies

Seen in alcoholic liver disease

Front 147

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell?

Back 147

Lewy body

Seen in Parkinson's disease

Front 148

Eosinophilic globule in liver?

Back 148

Councilman body

Seen in toxic or viral hepatitis; often in yellow fever

Front 149

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells?

Back 149

Rabies virus

Front 150

Extracellular amyloid deposition ion gray matter of brain?

Back 150

Senile plaques

Seen in Alzheimer's disease

Front 151

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions "owl's eye"?

Back 151

Reed-Sternberg cells

Front 152

Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells?

Back 152

Schiller-Duval bodies

Seen in yolk sac tumors

Front 153

"Hair-on-end" (crew-cut) appearance on X-ray?

Back 153

Extra-medullary hematopoiesis

Seen in states such as B-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia

Front 154

Elevated hCG?

Back 154

Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole

Front 155

Inflammatory nodules on the heart?

Back 155

Aschoff bodies

Seen in rheumatic fever

Front 156

Heterophile antibodies?

Back 156

Infectious mononucleosis from EBV

Front 157

Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions?

Back 157

Charcot-Leyden crystals

Seen in asthma

Front 158

High level of d-dimers?

Back 158

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

Front 159

"Honeycomb lung" on X-ray?

Back 159

Interstitial fibrosis

Front 160

Hypersegmented neutrophils?

Back 160

Megaloblastic anemia

Front 161

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia?

Back 161

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemias

Front 162

Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid / maternal serum?

Back 162

Neural tube defects

Anencephaly, spina bifida, etc

Front 163

Increased uric acid levels?

Back 163

Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Myeloproliferative disorders
Loop and thiazide diuretics

Front 164

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies?

Back 164

Cowdry type A bodies

Seen in HSV or yellow fever

Front 165

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum?

Back 165

Ferruginous bodies

Seen in asbestosis

Front 166

Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immuncompromised?

Back 166

Chediak-Higashi disease

Failure of phagolysosome formation

Front 167

Low serum ceruloplasmin?

Back 167

Wilson's disease

Front 168

"Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunoflourescence?

Back 168

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

"starry sky"

Front 169

Lytic ("hole-punched") bone lesions on X-ray?

Back 169

Multiple myeloma

Front 170

Mammary gland ("blue-domed") cyst?

Back 170

Fibrocystic change of breast

Front 171

Monoclonal antibody spike?

Back 171

1. Multiple myeloma (called the M protein, usually IgG or IgA)
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
3. Waldenstrom's (IgM) macroglobulinemia
4. Plasmacytoma (IgG)

Front 172

Monoclonal globulin protein in blood / urine?

Back 172

Bence-Jones proteins (are kappa or lambda Ig light chains)

Front 173

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus?

Back 173

Signet ring cell

Seen in gastric carcinoma

Front 174

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph?

Back 174

"String sign"

Seen in Crohn's disease

Front 175

Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals?

Back 175

Gout (hyperuricemia)

Front 176

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli?

Back 176

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

Front 177

"Nutmeg" appearance of liver?

Back 177

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to RHF

Front 178

"Onion-skin" periosteal reaction?

Back 178

Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

Front 179

Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area?

Back 179

Codman's triangle on X-ray

Seen in osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis

Front 180

Podocyte fusion on EM?

Back 180

Minimal change disease

Front 181

Polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion?

Back 181

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

Front 182

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau?

Back 182

Neurofibrillary tangles

Seen in Alzheimer's disease and CJD

Front 183

Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement?

Back 183

Glioblastoma multiforme

Front 184

RBC casts in urine?

Back 184

Acute glomerulonephritis

Front 185

Rectangular, crystal-like inclusions in Leydig cells?

Back 185

Reinke crystals

Seen in a Leydig cell tumor

Front 186

Renal epithelial casts in urine?

Back 186

Acute toxic / viral nephrosis

Front 187

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent?

Back 187

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)

Front 188

Rib notching?

Back 188

Coarctation of the aorta

Front 189

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histology)?

Back 189

Burkitt's lymphoma

t(8;14) c-myc activation; associated with EBV

Front 190

Sliver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons?

Back 190

Pick bodies

Seen in Pick's disease, a progressive dementia similar to Alzheimer's

Front 191

Small granulomatous lesion in lungs that can calcify?

Back 191

Ghon focus

Seen in primary TB

Front 192

Small, round RBC inclusions?

Back 192

Heinz bodies

Seen in G6PD deficiency, a-thalassemia, chronic liver disease

Front 193

"Soap bubble" on X-ray?

Back 193

Giant cell tumor of bone (is generally benign)

Front 194

"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" endothelial deposits?

Back 194

Membranous glomerulonephritis

Front 195

Stacks of red blood cells?

Back 195

Rouleaux formation

Seen w/ a high ESR and in multiple myeloma

Front 196

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells?

Back 196

"Clue cells"

Seen in Gardnerella vaginalis

Front 197

"Tennis-racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells?

Back 197

Birbeck granules

Seen in histiocytosis X, eosinophilic granuloma

Front 198

Thrombi made of white / red layers?

Back 198

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets / RBCs)

Front 199

"Thumb sign" on lateral X-ray?

Back 199

Epiglottitis

Caused by H. influenzae

Front 200

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney?

Back 200

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

Front 201

"Tram-track" appearance on LM?

Back 201

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Front 202

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles?

Back 202

Fatty liver disease

Seen in alcoholic or metabolic syndrome

Front 203

WBCs that look "smudged"?

Back 203

CLL

Almost always B-cell; affects the elderly

Front 204

"Wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM?

Back 204

Lupus nephropathy

Front 205

Yellow CSF?

Back 205

Xanthochromia

Seen w/ a subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 206

Actinic (solar) keratosis leads to?

Back 206

SCC

Front 207

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury?

Back 207

Cushing's ulcer

Increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion

Front 208

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns?

Back 208

Curling's ulcer

Greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa

Front 209

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon?

Back 209

Skip lesions

Seen in Crohn's disease

Front 210

Etiology of a dissecting aneurysm?

Back 210

HTN

Front 211

Etiology of an aortic aneurysm in the abdominal and descending aorta?

Back 211

Atherosclerosis

Front 212

Etiology of an aortic aneurysm in the ascending aorta?

Back 212

Tertiary syphilis

Front 213

Atrophy of the mamillary bodies?

Back 213

Wernicke's encephalopathy

Thiamine deficiency causes ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion

Front 214

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)?

Back 214

Sickle cell anemia

Front 215

Bacteremia / pneumonia in an IV drug user?

Back 215

S. aureus

Front 216

Bacteria associated with stomach cancer?

Back 216

H. pylori

Front 217

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)?

Back 217

Pneumococcus

Front 218

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)?

Back 218

Group B strep = newborns

Pneumococcus and N meningitidis = kids

Front 219

Benign melanocytic nevus?

Back 219

Spitz nevus

Most common in the first 2 decades

Front 220

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency?

Back 220

Bernard-Soulier disease

A defect in platelet adhesion

Front 221

Brain tumor (location and frequencies for adults)?

Back 221

Supratentorial

Metastatic > astrocytoma > meningioma > schwannoma

Front 222

Brain tumor (location and types for kids)?

Back 222

Infratentorial

Medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma

Front 223

Most common breast cancer?

Back 223

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

1 in 8 women in the US develop breast cancer

Front 224

Breast mass?

Back 224

Fibrocystic change

Carcinoma in a post-menopausal woman until proven otherwise

Front 225

Benign breast tumor?

Back 225

Fibroadenoma

Front 226

Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patient?

Back 226

Klebsiella

Front 227

Primary cardiac tumor seen in kids?

Back 227

Rhabdomyoma

Front 228

Cardiac manifestation of lupus?

Back 228

Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Is non-bacterial; affects the mitral valve

Front 229

Types of cardiac tumors in adults?

Back 229

Metastasis

Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve")

Front 230

Most common cardiomyopathy?

Back 230

Dilated cardiomyopathy

40% are familial

Front 231

Cerebellar tonsilar herniation?

Back 231

Arnold-Chiari malformation (often causes hydrocephalus)

Type 1 = asymptomatic

Type 2 = symptomatic

Front 232

Chronic arrhythmia?

Back 232

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

Front 233

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)?

Back 233

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma

Can also cause pernicious anemia

Front 234

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina?

Back 234

DES exposure in utero

Front 235

MCC of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Back 235

21-hydroxylase deficiency

Front 236

Most common congenital cardiac anomaly?

Back 236

VSD

Front 237

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, black liver?

Back 237

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

An inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile

Front 238

MCC of constrictive pericarditis in developing world?

Back 238

Tuberculosis

Front 239

Common coronary arteries involved in thrombosis?

Back 239

LAD > RCA > LCA

Front 240

Cretinism?

Back 240

Iodine deficiency / hypothyroidism

Front 241

1st and 2nd MCC of Cushing's syndrome?

Back 241

Corticosteroid therapy

Excess ACTH secretion by the pituitary

Front 242

Cyanosis (early; less common)

Back 242

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

Front 243

Cyanosis (late; more common)

Back 243

VSD, ASD, PDA

Front 244

Cause of death in CML?

Back 244

Blast crisis

Front 245

Cause of death in SLE?

Back 245

Lupus nephropathy

Front 246

Cause of dementia?

Back 246

Alzheimer's disease

Multiple infacrts

Front 247

Demyelinating disease?

Back 247

Multiple sclerosis

Front 248

Causes of DIC?

Back 248

Gram-neg sepsis
Obstetric complications
Cancer
Burn trauma

Front 249

Most common dietary deficit?

Back 249

Iron

Front 250

Most common diverticulum in the pharynx?

Back 250

Zenker's diverticulum

Diagnosed via barium swallow

Front 251

Cause of an ejection click?

Back 251

Aortic or pulmonic stenosis

Front 252

Most common esophageal cancer?

Back 252

SCC worldwide, adenocarcinoma in the US

Front 253

MCC of food poisoning?

Back 253

S. aureus

Front 254

Most common gene involved in cancer?

Back 254

p53 tumor suppressor gene

Front 255

MCC of glomerulonephritis in adults?

Back 255

Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)

Front 256

Most common gynecologic malignancy?

Back 256

Endometrial carcinoma

Front 257

MCC of a heart murmur?

Back 257

Mitral valve prolapse

Front 258

Affected heart valves in bacterial endocarditis?

Back 258

Mitral (rheumatic fever)
Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
Aortic (2nd valve affected in rheumatic fever)

Front 259

Most common helminth infections in the US?

Back 259

Enterobius vermicularis

Ascaris lumbricoides

Front 260

MCC of epidural hematoma?

Back 260

Rupture of middle meningeal artery

Front 261

MCC of subdural hematoma?

Back 261

Rupture of bridging veins

Front 262

MCC of hemochromatosis?

Back 262

Multiple blood transfusions

Can result in CHF and increased risk of HCC

Front 263

MCC of hepatocellular carcinoma?

Back 263

Cirrhotic liver (often associated with hepB and hepC)

Front 264

Most common hereditary bleeding disorder?

Back 264

von Willebrand's disease

Front 265

Most common hereditary harmless jaundice?

Back 265

Gilbert's syndrome

I.e. benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Front 266

HLA-B27?

Back 266

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter's syndrome
Ulcerative colitis

Front 267

HLA-DR3 or -DR4?

Back 267

Diabetes mellitus type 1
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE

Front 268

Cause of a holosystolic murmur?

Back 268

VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation

Front 269

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis?

Back 269

Virchow's triad

Front 270

MCC of secondary HTN?

Back 270

Renal disease

Front 271

MCC of hypoparathyroidism?

Back 271

Thyroidectomy

Front 272

MCC of hypopituitarism?

Back 272

Pituitary adenoma

Front 273

Most common infection in blood transfusions?

Back 273

Hepatitis C

Front 274

Types of kidney stones?

Back 274

1. Calcium = radiopaque
2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque; need a urease positive organism
3. Uric acid = radiolucent

Front 275

Late cyanotic shunt causes uncorrected L -->R to become R --> L?

Back 275

Eisenmenger's syndrome

Caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN and polycythemia

Front 276

MCC of liver disease?

Back 276

Alcoholic liver disease

Front 277

Most common lysosomal storage disease?

Back 277

Gaucher's disease

Front 278

Most common male cancer?

Back 278

Prostatic carcinoma

Front 279

Most common malignancy associated with non-infectious fever?

Back 279

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Front 280

Most common malignant skin tumor?

Back 280

BCC

They rarely metastasize!

Front 281

MCC of inherited mental retardation?

Back 281

Down syndrome

Fragile X syndrome

Front 282

Cancers that metastasize to bone?

Back 282

Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney

Front 283

Cancers that metastasize to brain?

Back 283

Lung, breast, skin (melenoma), kidney, GI

Front 284

Cancers that metastasize to liver?

Back 284

Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, lung

Front 285

MCC of mitral valve stenosis?

Back 285

Rheumatic heart disease

Front 286

Common motor neuron disease?

Back 286

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Front 287

MCC of myocarditis?

Back 287

Coxsackie B virus

Front 288

Most common neoplasms in kids?

Back 288

ALL

Cerebellar medulloblastoma

Front 289

MCC of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Back 289

Membranous glomerulonephritis

Front 290

MCC of nephrotic syndrome in kids?

Back 290

Minimal change disease

Associated with infections / vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids

Front 291

MCC of obstruction of the male urinary tract?

Back 291

BPH

Front 292

MCC of an opening snap?

Back 292

Mitral stenosis

Front 293

Most common opportunistic infection in AIDS?

Back 293

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

Front 294

Most common organ receiving metastases?

Back 294

Adrenal glands, due to its rich blood supply

Front 295

Common organs sending metastases?

Back 295

Lung > breast > stomach

Front 296

MCC of osteomyelitis?

Back 296

S. aureas

Front 297

Osteomyelitis in pts with sickle cell disease?

Back 297

Salmonella

Front 298

Osteomyelitis with IV drug abuse?

Back 298

Pseudomonas

Front 299

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer?

Back 299

Krukenburg tumor

Are mucin-secreting signet-ring cells

Front 300

Most common benign ovarian tumor?

Back 300

Serous cystadenoma

Front 301

Most common malignant ovarian tumor?

Back 301

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

Front 302

Most common pancreatic tumor?

Back 302

Adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas

Front 303

MCC of acute pancreatitis?

Back 303

EtOH and gallstones

Front 304

MCC of chronic pancreatitis?

Back 304

EtOH (adults)

Cystic fibrosis (kids)

Front 305

Ages of patients with ALL, CLL, AML, and CML?

Back 305

ALL = child
CML = adult 35 to 50
AML = adult > 60
CLL = adult > 60

Front 306

Most common profile of a patient w/ Hodgkin's disease?

Back 306

Young male

Except for nodular sclerosis type, which is most commonly a young female

Front 307

MCC of pelvic inflammatory disease?

Back 307

N. gonorrhoeae

Will see a monoarticular arthritis

Front 308

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)?

Back 308

CML

May sometimes be associated with ALL / AML

Front 309

Most common pituitary tumor?

Back 309

Prolactinoma

2nd most common = somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma

Front 310

MCC of hospital-acquired pneumonia?

Back 310

Klebsiella

Front 311

MCC of primary amenorrhea?

Back 311

Turner's syndrome (45 XO)

Front 312

MCC of primary bone tumor in adults?

Back 312

Multiple myeloma

Front 313

Cause of Conn's syndrome?

Back 313

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

Front 314

Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 314

Adenomas
Hyperplasia
Carcinoma

Front 315

MCC of pulmonary HTN?

Back 315

COPD

Front 316

Recurrent inflammation / thrombosis of small / medium vessels in extremities?

Back 316

Buerger's disease

Strongly associated with tobacco

Front 317

Renal tumors (associations, paraneoplastic syndromes)?

Back 317

Renal cell carcinoma

Associated with VHL and adult polycystic kidney disease

Paraneoplastic syndromes = erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH

Front 318

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause?

Back 318

Cor pulmonale

Front 319

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)?

Back 319

Caused by increased ventricular filling

Seen in L --> R shunt, mitral regurgitation, CHF

Front 320

S4 (pre-systolic gallop)?

Back 320

Stiff / hypertrophic ventricle

Seen in aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy

Front 321

MCC of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 321

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

Front 322

Most common sexually transmitted disease?

Back 322

Chlamydia

Front 323

MCC of SIADH?

Back 323

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Front 324

Most common site of diverticula?

Back 324

Sigmoid colon

Front 325

Common sites of metastasis?

Back 325

Regional lymph nodes

Liver

Front 326

Sites of atherosclerosis?

Back 326

Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

Front 327

Most common stomach cancer type?

Back 327

Adenocarcinoma

Front 328

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels?

Back 328

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of the duodenum or pancreas)

Front 329

t(14;18)?

Back 329

Follicular lymphomas

bcl-2 activation

Front 330

t(8;14)?

Back 330

Burkitt's lymphoma

c-myc activation

Front 331

t(9;22)?

Back 331

Philadelphia chromosome

bcr-abl hybrid

Front 332

Sequelae of temporal arteritis?

Back 332

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery

Front 333

Most common testicular tumor?

Back 333

Seminoma

Positive for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)

Front 334

Most common tumor in women?

Back 334

Leiomyoma (are estrogen dependent)

Front 335

Most common tumor of infancy?

Back 335

Hemangioma

Front 336

Tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults?

Back 336

Pheochromocytoma

Are usually benign

Front 337

Tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids?

Back 337

Neuroblastoma

Are usually malignant

Front 338

Types of Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Back 338

Nodular sclerosis vs. mixed cellularity / lymphocytic predominance / lymphocytic depletion

Front 339

Types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Back 339

Diffuse large cell

Front 340

MCC of UTI?

Back 340

E. coli

Staph saprophyticus in a young woman

Front 341

MCC of viral encephalitis?

Back 341

HSV

Front 342

Most common vitamin deficiency in the US?

Back 342

Folate

Pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply