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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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authoritarian parents |
Parents who use punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity. |
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authoritative parents |
Parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-orientated discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction. |
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familism |
An orientation toward life in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual. |
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family systems thoery |
perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (ex: marital, parent-child, sibling) |
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generational dissonance |
Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents. |
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indifferent parents |
Parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness. |
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indulgent parents |
Parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness, and who are mainly concerned with the child's happiness. |
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midlife crisis |
psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents' parents. |
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non shared environmental influences |
The non genetic influences in individuals' lives that make them different form people they live with. |
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parental demandingness |
One of the two important dimensions of parenting; demandingness refers to the degree to which the parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child. |
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self-fulfilling prophecy |
The idea that individuals' behavior is influenced by others expectations for them. |
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shared environmental influences |
nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other. |
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sibling deidentification |
The process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other. |
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sibling rivarly |
Competition between siblings, often for parental attention. |
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describe the stereotypes of adolescent development within the family in American culture. How does belief in these stereotypes affect the parent-teen relationship? |
contrary to stereotypes, adolescents and parents usually get along well, share similar values, and agree on a range of important issues. |
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Describe the core developmental issues affecting parents when their children are passing through adolescence. |
Biological Change - parents begin to feel increased concern about their own bodies, physical attractiveness, and sexual appeal. Perceptions of Time and Future - parents beginning to feel that the possibilities for changes In their own lives are limited. Power, Status and Entrance - parents must deal with w/e gap exists between their early aspirations and actual achievements. |
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How does family interaction change during adolescence? |
Changes in balance of power. children try to play more forceful role, but parents may not yet acknowledge adolescents' input. Role of puberty may play into imbalance of power. Bickering between adolescents and their parents increasing and closeness diminishing. |
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Identify the four basic parenting styles and provide examples of each type as well as the outcomes associated with each. |
Authoritarian - adult centered, rigid, strict rules/expectations, unilateral decision making, little warmth/communication, discourages open communication. Adolescents are more dependent, passive, socially adept, less self-assured, less intellectually curious. Authoritative - child centered, establish firm behavioral guidelines, warm, accepting, involved, supports assertiveness/responsiveness. Adolescents more responsible, self-assured, creative, intellectually curious, academically successful |
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How do sibling relationships change during adolescence? |
Conflict increases. Over the course of adolescence sibling relationships become more equal, more distant, less emotionally intense. |
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Describe the effect of divorce, single-parenthood, and remarriage on adolescent development. |
Divorce= effect is small. Long term effects- sleeper effects. Children have higher levels of educational and Bx problems. Single Parenthood= less likely than those in remarriage to be involved in delinquent Bx. Remarriage= more likely to be involved in delinquent Bx; short term girls/older siblings more difficulty adjusting. |
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Describe the effects of poverty and financial strain on adolescent development. |
Poverty= effects almost always negative. Parents under financial stress are harsher, more inconsistent, less involved (supervision, monitoring). Adolescents greater risk of psychological difficulties, problem Bx. |
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Describe how adolescents in families with adoptive parents, lesbian and gay parents, or foster parents do and do not differ from adolescents reared in more typical family forms. |
Adoptive- mixed results; hard to generalize about the impact of adoption on adolescent development; however one can generalize Gay and Lesbian- NO evidence whatsoever that children raised in these households are psychologically different. Foster- adolescents greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems. |
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parental responsiveness |
One of the two important dimensions of parenting; responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner. |
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cliques |
Small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same age and sex. |
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crowds |
Large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a same common activity. |
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cyberbullying |
Bullying that occurs over the internet or via cell phones. |
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gangs |
Organized peer groups of antisocial individuals |
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hostile attributional bias |
The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile. |
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instrumental aggression |
Aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned. |
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peer groups |
Groups of individuals of approximately the same age. |
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perceived popularity |
How much status or prestige an individual has. |
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reactive aggression |
Aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive. |
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reference groups |
A group against which an individual compares him or herself. |
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relational aggression |
Acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip. |
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sociometric popularity |
How well liked an individual is. |
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Describe the history of adolescent peer groups in the United States, specifically how educational requirements, economic factors, and demographics changed the nature of peer groups. |
find |
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Describe the characteristics of peer groups and how they change over adolescence. |
Sharp increase during adolescence in the amount of time spent w/ peers vs. adults. Peer groups function much more often w/o adult supervision than they do during childhood. Increasingly more contact with peers is w/ the other sex friends. Adolescences marks the emergence of larger collectives of peers |
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Explain the role, structure, and function of cliques and crowds. |
Cliques- small group between 2-12, generally same sex and age; Can be defined by common activities; based on friendship and where adolescents learn their social skills. Crowds- based on the identification of adolescents who share a similar image or reputation among peers, or who have common feature; not based on interaction but contribute to adolescent's sense of identity. |
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Describe the determinants and consequences of popularity and rejection among peers during adolescence. In other words, what factors contribute to whether or not one will be popular or rejected, and what are the consequences of being popular or rejected? |
Consequence of Rej- depression, Bx problems, academic difficulties. Might differ for those who aggressive vs. withdrawn. find |
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Discuss what is known about online and in person victimization and harassment (bullying). |
Online harassment is far less common than most people think and less common than in-person harassment. Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying frequently engage in cyberbullying & vice versa for victims of bullying. |
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Describe the impact of peers on psychosocial development during adolescence. |
Identity- peers provide the sorts of models and feedback that adolescents can't get from adults. Development and Expression of Autonomy-provides a context for adolescents to test decision making skills in area where no adults are present to monitor or control. Achievement- classmates are a significant influence on adolescent's day-to-day Bx's, feelings, value, effort regarding school. |
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charter schools |
Public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices. |
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comprehensive high school |
An educational institution that evolved during the first half of the 20th century, offering a varied curriculum and designed to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents. |
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junior high school |
An educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents. |
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mainstreaming |
The integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms. |
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middle school |
An educational institution housing 7th and 8th grade students along with adolescents who are 1 or 2 years younger. |
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school vouchers |
Government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition. |
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schools within schools (small schools) |
Subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness. |
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secondary education |
The system of middle schools, junior high schools, and high schools. |
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social capital |
The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family. |
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social promotion |
The practice of promoting students form one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance. |
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standards based reform |
Policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests. |
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student engagement |
The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work. |
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tracking |
The practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level. |
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zero tolerance |
A get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously or excessively to the first infraction. |
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Describe the origins of compulsory education in America. |
Industrialization- as productivity became more dependent on worker's use of machines employers recognized that they needed employees who were more skilled; brought urbanization, and immigration. Schools, living conditions, neighborhoods became overcrowded (crime) - many saw compulsory secondary education as a means of social control [high school take young people off streets and put into supervised environ., secondary educ. process of Americanization]
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Describe the standards-based reform and whether and how it has affected American adolescents. |
Focuses on policies designed to improve achievement. Difficult to implement 1) educators cannot agree on what set of skills or knowledge comprises what high school graduates should know and be able to do 2) large number of their students did not fully acquire the knowledge assessed on graduation exams. |
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Define tracking and describe its effects on adolescent development. |
Proponents note that ability grouping allows teachers to design class lessons more finely tuned to students abilities. Critics point out that students on tracking generally receive not just a diff. education, but a poorer-quality one than those in more advanced tracks; students tend to socialize only w/ peers from same academic group; often discriminate against poor or ethnic groups |
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How has school desegregation affected student development and achievement? |
Fare better psychologically when culture envir. of their neighborhood is same as that of their school. Low SES do worse when attend schools less socioeconomically diverse. Students who have been bused to school out of their neighborhood report weaker feelings of attachment to their school. Student attachment to school higher when they attend school w/ more classmates from same ethnic group.
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Describe the relationship between classroom climate and student achievement. |
Students achieve/engage more in schools that are responsive and demanding (teachers too); positive student teacher relationships; both students and teachers more satisfied in classes that combine moderate degree of structure w/ high student involvement and high teacher support; one of strongest influence on how much students enjoy going to school is the extent to which they feel their teachers care about them. |
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Describe how school violence has changed the climate of school and the outcomes for students (i.e. zero tolerance policies) |
Violence more common in overcrowded schools located in poor urban neighborhoods; some writers say that zero tolerance policies have not helped and that school violence is more effectively reduced through programs that attempt to create a more humane climate; such policies shown harmful effects. |
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Describe the different experiences of college bound and non-college bound adolescents. |
find |
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Describe the characteristics of good schools, as far as student achievement in adolescence is concerned (hint: 5 characteristics in the text) |
1. emphasize intellectual activities 2. have teachers who are committed to their students & who grant autonomy in classroom 3. well-integrated into the community 4. have good classrooms, in which students are active participant in the process of education. 5. are staffed by well qualified teachers & received specific training |
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cultivation theory |
A perspective on media use that emphasizes the impact media exposure has on individuals. |
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digital divide |
The fact that adolescents from different economic and cultural groups have differential access to digital technology. |
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Internet addiction |
A disorder in which an individual's use of the Internet is pathological, defined by is symptoms: salience, mood change, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse and reinstatement. |
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Media Practice Model |
A perspective on media use that emphasizes the fact that adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact. |
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new media |
Digital media typically accessed via computers, smartphones, or other internet-based devices. |
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positive youth development |
The goal of programs designed to facilitate healthy psychosocial development and not simply to deter problematic development. |
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premature affluence |
Having more income than one can manage maturely, especially during adolescence [having a relatively luxurious standard of living before one has any serious financial responsibilities] |
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routine activity theory |
A perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior. |
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tweens |
find |
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uses and gratifications approach |
A perspective on media use that emphasizes the active role users play in selecting the media to which they are exposed. |
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Describe the primary factors that contributed to the rise of adolescents in the workforce. |
Employers needed workers who were willing to work part-time for relatively low wages and for short work shifts. |
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Describe how younger and older adolescents spend their time. |
find |
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Describe the roles of school and work during the early 20th century and how they have changed over the years |
Prior to 1925 depending on teens social class they were either students or workers, NOT BOTH. As a result of social and legislative changes, employment of American teens decline during first 4 decades of the 20th century. |
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How does adolescent involvement in the American workplace compare with that of adolescents in other industrialized countries? |
In developing nations where industrialization is in early stage, adolescents generally leave school early, work obligations take precedence of schooling; most adolescents enter full-time employment by age 15-16; often adolescents work for their families. |
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Describe the primary jobs obtained by adolescents and the impact of part-time work on their development. |
Retail/service industries; working 20+ hours a week may negatively affect school performance. Long hours associated with being absent from school, spending less time on hw, earning slightly lower grades; intensive employment may increase likelihood of dropping out. Work and prob. Bx= work may be associated w/ increase in aggression, school misconduct, precocious sexual activity, minor deliquncy |
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Describe the impact of leisure activities on adolescent socialization and development. |
find |
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Explain how the mass media's influences adolescent development, behavior, and social relationships. What are some of the limitations associated with studying the impact of media? |
find |
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Identify the four basic parenting styles and provide examples of each type as well as the outcomes associated with each. |
Indifferent - adult centered, passive, dismissing, pose few demands, poor or little communication, do not monitor or supervise behavior, detached, distant, withdrawn. Adolescents are less mature, less responsible, more conforming to peers. Indulgent - child centered, no guidelines/non directive, avoid confrontation, rarely discipline adolescent, warm, accepting, nurturing, over involved, blurred roles, few rules or expectations. Adolescents more impulsive, more likely be involved in delinquent Bx, more likely to experiment w/ sex drugs and alcohol. |
