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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does an organism need for growth and survival?
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energy + nutrients
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What do "producers" make?
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Make food on own with help from environment. (Raw materials)
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What do "consumers" do?
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Get energy + nutrients from other organisms.
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What is homeostasis?
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Keeps things in control and constant.
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What are two prokaryotes?
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Bacteria + archaeans.
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What does bacteria and archaeans have in common?
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Both are single celled organisms and have no nucleus.
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Describe a eukaryote.
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Has a nucleus.
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What are the fundamental building blocks of matter?
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Atoms.
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The smallest unit of life?
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Cells.
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The three domains?
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Bacteria, Archaean, Eukarya.
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DNA is...?
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-guides growth and developement
-is a nucleic acid -transimitted from parents to offspring |
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Science only addresses that which is...?
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Observable.
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What are isotopes?
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-differ in neutrons
-referred by p and n = mass # |
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What are radioactive isotopes?
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-unstable
-emit subatomic particles -decaying nucleus leads to transformation |
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When are atoms most stable?
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When there is no vacancy in its orbitals.
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What is an ion? It's charges?
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An atom with different number of p+ and e-.
Charges are with -1 or +1 Sharing electron leads to ion forming. |
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What are the orbital's capacity?
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2)8)8) etc.
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What is a molecule?
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Atoms joined by a chemical bond.
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What is a compound?
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Multiple molecules.
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What is an ionic bond?
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Strong bond of two oppositely charged ions.
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What is a covalent bond?
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2 atoms fill each other orbital vacancies.
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What does nonpolar mean?
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Even charges between two atoms.
+1,+1 0-0 -1,-1 |
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What makes polarity happen?
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When each atom has opposite charges.
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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Forms between two water molecules with opposite charges.
Weak attraction=breakable. |
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What is a solvent?
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Liquid that dissolves other substances.
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What is a solute?
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Result after dissolving in a solvent.
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What is temperature?
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Measures energy of molecule motion.
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What is cohesion?
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Water molecules resist separation.
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What does pH measure?
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The number of hydrogen ions in liquids.
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What do acids do?
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Release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
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What do bases do?
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Accept hydrogen ions.
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What are buffers and what do they do?
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Weak, but helps stabilize solutions.Aren't dissolved in chemical reactions.
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What are organic molecules made of?
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Mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms.
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What are monomers?
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Small cell pools of organic molecules.
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What are polymers?
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Made of multiple monomers.
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What happens during the metabolism process?
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Cell use heat energy to break organic compounds.
Helps cells stay alive, grow, and reproduce. Contain enzymes=rxn faster |
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What happens during condensation?
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Small molecules join to make big ones
Enzyme covalent bonds 2 molecules. |
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What is hydrolysis?
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Large break into small.
Enzymes break bonds with hydroxyl group and hydrogen atom. |
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What is a peptide bond?
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Enzyme joins amino group with carboxyl group of next group.
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What does denature mean?
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Proteins that unwind, lose 3D shape, function changes.
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What are simple sugars called?
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Monosaccharides.
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What is the plasma membrane?
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The cell's outer membrane.
separates outside and inside activities. |
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What does the liquid bilayer do?
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It lets oxygen, hydrogen gases, and water cross freely.
Ions need protein assistance to cross. |
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What is cytoplasm?
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A fluid consisting of water, sugars, ions, proteins.
Found in the plasma membrane. Fluid/jellylike texture. Maintains homeostasis. |
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What is surface to volume ratio?
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Volume increases by cube of the diameter but surface area increases by the square.
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What are round cells?
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Expands in diameter, therefore, volume increases faster than surface area.
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What are phospholipids made of?
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Phosphate molecules contain a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails.
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What happens when two phosopholipids interact?
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Spontaneously assemble into 2 alyers w/ non polar sandwiched between polar.
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What are enzymes and what do they do?
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Plasma membrane proteins that accelerate chemical processes.
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What are the two domains for prokaryotes?
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Bacteria and archaea.
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What are 4 types of eukaryotes?
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Protists, fungi, plants, animals.
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What does a typical cell contain inside?
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Nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements.
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What does the nuclear envelope do?
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Controls passage of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm.
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What does the endomembrane system do?
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Series of interacting organelles.
Main function: make lipids, enzymes, proteins for secretion + insertion. Extension of nuclear envelope. |
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Describe the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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Two kinds-rough and smooth
Smooth has no ribosomes Has vesicles that transport substances from the organelle to the plasma membrane. |
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What are peroxisomes?
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Breaks down toxins.
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What are lysosomes?
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Powerful digestive enzymes that break vacuoles contents.
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What does the golgi body do?
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Puts finishings on proteins and lipids from the ER.
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What makes ATP?
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Mitochondrions.
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What is a cytoskeleton?
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System of interconnected protein filaments, reinforce, organizes, moves cell structures, semi-permanent.
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What are microfilaments?
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Strengthens or changes shapes of eukaryotic cells.
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What is cilia?
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Helps move through fluids.
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What is the first law of thermodynamics?
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Energy can't be created or destroyed.
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What is the second law of theromdynamics?
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Tendency for energy to burst.
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What is activation energy?
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Minimal amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
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Define concentration.
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How much dissolved.
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What is the difference between two concentrations called?
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Concentration gradient.
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What two things are always moving in chemical reactions?
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Molecules and ions.
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What is osmosis?
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When water diffuses across selective permeable membrane.
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What' is tugor?
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Pressure that volume of fluid exerts to stop osmosis.
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What is endocytosis?
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Small patch of plasma membrane balloons inward.
Takes a small volume of extracellular fluid. |
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What is exocytosis?
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Membrane fuses with plasma membrane.
Contents release into surroundings. |
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How many DNA molecules does a chromosome have?
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More than one.
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What holds sister chromatids together?
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Centromere.
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How many bases does DNA have?
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Four.
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How many DNA bases decide traits?
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Two.
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Describe DNA replication process.
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1. Enzyme breaks H-bonds
2. DNA polymerase makes copies of parent strands 3. DNA ligase seals gaps, phosphate groups help it grow |
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What is a gene?
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Part of DNA sequence.
Tells the sequence. |
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Describe transcription.
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1. Polymerase moves along DNA, unwinds DNA to read bases.
2. RNA nucleotides start forming chains. |
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What are the 3 stages of translation?
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initiation, elongation, termination.
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What happens during initiation?
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Small ribosomal unit binds to mRNA
Anticodon pairs w/ AUG (AA). Large join small subunits. |
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What happens during elongation?
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Ribosomal subunit assembles polypeptide chain as it moves along mRNA
Connected by peptide bonds. Polypeptide chain grows with successful tRNAs. |
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What happens during termination?
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Occurs when ribosome reaches stop codon.
mRNA + PP + R all detach from each other. |
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What happens when base pair substitution occurs?
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causes AA to change, changes outcomes.
Can change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. |
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What is mitosis?
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Maintains chromosome number.
increases body size during development. replaces damaged cells. |
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What is meiosis?
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Halves chromosome number.
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What are the three phases to the cell cycle?
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G1, S, G2.
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What happens during G1 phase?
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first interval/gap of cell growth before DNA replication.
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What happens during S phase?
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Synthesizes for DNA replication.
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What happens during G2 phase?
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Cell prepares to divide, makes proteins to help drive mitosis.
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What do homologous pairs have in common?
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Length, shape, collection of genes.
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What happens during prophase?
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Nuclear envelope breaks up, DNA condenses.
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What happens during metaphase?
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Lines up midway between spindle poles, chromatid attaches to each side.
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What happens during anaphase?
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Motor proteins move choromatids to spindles.
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What happens during telophase?
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Reach each spindle poles + condense nuclear envelope forms around each cluster.
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What do plant cells contain?
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Cellulose.
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What are alleles?
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Traits on a gene.
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What are gametes?
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Halved reproduction cells.
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What does haploid mean?
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Single set of chromosomes.
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What is a phenotype?
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Observable traits.
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What causes a monohybrid cross?
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Cross of 2 heterozygotes.
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What can a restriction enzyme do?
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Can cut DNA whereever a specific nucleotide occurs.
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How old are eukaryotes?
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1.8 million years ago.
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What determines the shape of a prokaryote?
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Porus cell wall.
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Another name to describe spherical shape?
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Coccus.
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Another name to describe spiral shape?
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Spirillum.
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Another name to describe rod shape?
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Bacillus
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What is prokaryotic fission?
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Reproduction of a cell to equal two of equal size and same genes.
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What is prokaryotic conjugation?
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When one cells gives a plasmid to another.
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What causes genome changes?
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DNA
Virus. |
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Describe archaea.
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Recent + less known.
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What are extreme halophiles?
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Loves salt.
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Describe bacteria domain.
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Most diverse domain.
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What is a protist?
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First eukaryotic cell
Most are single-celled Heterotrophic |
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What is a pellicle?
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Layer of elastic proteins under plasma membrane helps cell retain their shape.
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What is a diatom?
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Two part silica shell float.
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Describe brown algae.
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Multicelled, microscopic.
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Describe red algae.
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Most are multicelled.
Branching structure. |
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Describe green algae.
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Single or multicelled, colonial.
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What are amoebas?
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Single celled.
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What is the lytic cycle?
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Virus attacks cells and makes more viral cells.
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What is the lysogenic cycle?
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Virus stays dormant, but can turn lytic at any time.
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Describe bryophytes.
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oldest plant lineage
absorbs water + dissolves minerals revives after dying secretes waxy cuticle |
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What are stomata?
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Balance water intake
Opens and closes as needed. |
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What is xylem?
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Inside tissue.
Dissolves water + minerals. |
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What is phloem?
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Outside tissue
Photosynthesizes to make sugars. |
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What is lignin?
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Organic compound
stiffens support structure. |
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What is a pollen grain?
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Male gametophyte
delivered by wind or animals |
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What is a gymnosperm?
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seedplant lineage.
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What is an angiosperm?
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Evolved from gymnosperms.
More diverse. |
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What are some seedless vascular plants?
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Ferns, club mosses, horsetails.
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What is a rhizome?
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Horizontal stem and that grows and branches into new plants.
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What are microspores?
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Male gametophyte.
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What are megaspores?
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Female gametophyte.
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What happens during secondary growth.
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Girth, growth in diameter.
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What is the earliest form of animals?
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Placozoans.
1 billion years ago. |
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What is tissue?
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made of one or more types of cells with special pattern + purpose.
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What is radial symmetry?
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Body parts repeated around a central axis.
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What is bilateral symmetry?
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Right + left halves
copies for each half. |
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What is a coelom?
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Body cavity.
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What are sponges?
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no symmetry, tissues, organs
eat bacteria in water hermaphrodites |
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What are annelids?
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worms with segments + coelom, digestive system, closed circulatory system.
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What are mollusks?
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Reduced coelom
mantle drapes over |
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What are the 4 main types of matter?
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HONC
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What is 96% of most living things?
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HONC
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What are the macromolecules?
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Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.
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What happens during the primary stage of DNA formation?
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AA sequencing.
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What happens during the secondary stage of DNA formation?
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Microstructure.
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What happens during the tertiary stage of DNA formation?
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3D structure
Form + function maximize hydrophobic + hydrophilic interaction |
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What happens during the quaternary stage of DNA formation?
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more proteins are made.
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What is a glycoprotein?
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Protein + carbohydrate.
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What is a glycolipid?
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Lipid + carbohydrate.
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What are nucleic acids?
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DNA + RNA.
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6 Characteristics of life?
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1. order
2. regulation 3. growth and development 4. energy utilization 5. response to environment 6. reproduction 7. evolution |
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What is the cell theory?
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1. All living things are comprised of 1+ cells
2. cell is smallest unit of life. 3. cells come from preexisting cells 4. cells contain hereditary material that pass on during cell division |
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What does the nucleus do?
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regulate traffic
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What does the golgi apparatus do?
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docking station for proteins
targets for final destination further protein processing |
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What does a lysosome do?
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vesicles full of digestive enzymes
fuse with food vacuoles or break down worn out organelle |
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What are the semi-autonomous organelles?
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mitochondria and chloroplasts.bridge
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What is a plasmodosmata?
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cytoplasm between cells
allows things to move between cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
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What are gap junctions?
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tunnel bridge
movement of small molecules between cells |
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What is diffusion?
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movement of solutes from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration.
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How many genes do humans have?
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~25,000
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What is interphase?
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90% of cell cycle
chromosomes are not condensed chromatin inside |
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What is cytokinesis?
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actual division of a cell
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What is syngamy?
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synthesis of gametes.
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What is a wild type allele?
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allele most prevalent in a population
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What is incomplete dominance?
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intermediate phenotype in a heterozygote.
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What is polygenic inheritance?
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mang gene sets have an effect on one trait.
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What is pleiotropy?
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a single gene having effect on multiple traits.
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What is evolution?
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genetic change in a population over generations
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What is natural selection?
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Differential reproductive success by different phenotypes resulting from interactions with the environment.
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What is stabilizing selection?
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stable environment, decrease in phenotypic variation.
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What is directional selection?
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moves toward one phenotypic extreme
moved to new location, changed environment |
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What is diversifying selection?
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environment that favors both extremes, patchwork
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What is genetic drift?
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change in gene pool due to CHANCE.
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What is a bottleneck effect?
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drastic reduction in a population occurs, only alleles present in survivors can be passed on
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What is the founder effect?
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small population colonizes a new habitat.
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What is a gene flow?
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immigration or emmigration of fertile individuals into a new population.
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Define species.
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A group whose members have similar anatomical characteristics, have ability to breed and produce fertile offspring.
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What are the prezygote barriers?
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1. habitat
2. temporal 3. behavioral 4. mechanical |
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What are the postzygote barriers?
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1. reduced hybrid viability
2. reduced hybrid fertility 3. hybrid breakdown |
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What is gametic isolation?
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gemetes that can not fuse
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What color is gram positive?
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purple=thick cell wall
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What color is gram negative?
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pink=thin cell wall
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What does aerobic mean?
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need oxygen to live
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What does anaerobis mean?
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no need for oxygen to live
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What does facultative anaerobic mean?
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switching for either.
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What are heterotrophs?
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obtain energy from ingesting organic compounds.
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What are autotrophs?
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synthesize organic compounds for food
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4 types of protozoans?
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Flagellates
amoebas apicomplexans ciliates |
