General Biology 7 - Inheritance Patterns

Front 1

What is heredity?

Back 1

The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring

Front 2

Who discovered the foundational aspects of heredity?

Back 2

Gregor Mendel

Front 3

What is a trait?

Back 3

How a particular characteristic is expressed

Front 4

What is a characteristic?

Back 4

A variable in an organism controlled by genes

Front 5

What is a hybridization experiment?

Back 5

A cross of two true-breeding strains

Front 6

What is a hybrid?

Back 6

The offspring of two true-breeding parents

Front 7

What are the three generations, starting with the parents?

Back 7

P, F1, F2

Front 8

What are alleles?

Back 8

Different variations of the same gene

Front 9

Describe the law of segregation.

Back 9

The two copies of each gene segregate into different gametes

Front 10

What is a dihybrid cross?

Back 10

A cross where the experimenter follows two different traits in the same offspring

Front 11

Describe the law of independent assortment.

Back 11

Each gene is transmitted to a gamete seperately from other genes.

Front 12

What is the rule of multiplication?

Back 12

The probability that two events will happen in a given order is a result of the product of their probabilities

Front 13

What is the rule of addition?

Back 13

The probability that two events will happen in any order is a result of the sum of their probabilities

Front 14

Describe the particulate behavior of genes.

Back 14

Genes are not blended to form an intermediate, but are instead passed in original form to the offspring

Front 15

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

Back 15

A genotype is the genetic makeup and the phenotype is how the genes are expressed in the organism

Front 16

What is incomplete dominance?

Back 16

When two different alleles for the same gene cause a phenotype in between the two homozygous traits

Front 17

What is homozygous?

Back 17

Two identical alleles

Front 18

What is heterozygous?

Back 18

Two different alleles of the same gene

Front 19

What is codominance?

Back 19

Each allele is expressed in the offspring's phenotype

Front 20

What is pleiotropy?

Back 20

A single gene may affect multiple traits

Front 21

What is epistasis?

Back 21

Two genes affect a single trait

Front 22

What is polygenic inheritance?

Back 22

Many genes affect a single trait

Front 23

What is the nature vs nurture impact on phenotype?

Back 23

The environment of the organism may affect the phenotype of the trait

Front 24

What is pedigree analysis?

Back 24

The study of human family trees to deduce genetic patterns

Front 25

What is a recessively inherited disorder?

Back 25

A disorder that is not expressed by parents because they are heterozygous carriers

Front 26

What is a dominately inherited disorder?

Back 26

A disorder that is expressed by one or both parents because they have the dominant allele for the disorder. They may be heterozygous or homozygous.

Front 27

What is a multifactorial disorder?

Back 27

A disorder that is influenced by several genes and/or the environment, making it difficult to study.

Front 28

What is carrier recognition?

Back 28

Testing a phenotypical normal organism to see if it is a carrier of a recessive genetic disease.

Front 29

What is fetal testing?

Back 29

Testing cell samples from a fetus prior to birth for genetic diseases.

Front 30

What are two methods of fetal testing?

Back 30

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.

Front 31

What is newborn screening?

Back 31

Testing a newborn infant for genetic diseases.

Front 32

What is a sex-linked gene?

Back 32

A gene that is physically located on a sex chromosome.

Front 33

What is an x-linked gene?

Back 33

A gene that is physically located on the X chromosome.

Front 34

What are linked genes?

Back 34

Genes that are located on the same chromosome. They tend to be transmitted to the same gamete.

Front 35

What are parental combinations?

Back 35

Alleles located on the same chromosome.

Front 36

What are recombinants?

Back 36

Alleles located on different chromosomes.

Front 37

What is genetic recombination?

Back 37

The reassortment of genes when passed from parent to offspring.

Front 38

What determines the chance of two linked genes recombining?

Back 38

Their distance from each other on the chromosome. Greater distance equals higher chance of recombination.

Front 39

What is a linkage map?

Back 39

A diagram describing the position of genes in relation to one another on a chromosome. It does not provide an exact placement on the chromosome.

Front 40

What is hemizygous?

Back 40

Having only one allele.

Front 41

Why are males more likely to inherit genetic disorders?

Back 41

Because they have only one X chromosome and therefore are affected by both dominant and recessive alleles.

Front 42

What is a Barr body?

Back 42

A deactivated X chromosome in a female mammalian cell.

Front 43

What is nondisjunction?

Back 43

The abnormal separation of chromosomes during meiosis.

Front 44

What is aneuploidy?

Back 44

Not having a multiple of one complete set of chromosomes (such as n-1 or n+1).

Front 45

What is polyploidy?

Back 45

Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes (such as 3n).

Front 46

What is genomic imprinting?

Back 46

The imprinting of a gene by either the mother or father, but not both.

Front 47

What is trinucleotide expansion?

Back 47

A form of mutation that more frequently occurs during gamete production.

Front 48

What is maternal inheritance?

Back 48

The inheritance of genetic material from the mitochondria and chloroplasts in egg gametes.