Ch.2,3,4 General Biology Exam

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ELEMENT

Back 1

substance that can't be broken down to other substances; 92 pure elements in nature

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MATTER

Back 2

anything that occupies space and has mass; is made up of a chemical element

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TRACE ELEMENTS

Back 3

essential elements that are needed in small quantities for life; (C,H,O,N)

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COMPOUND

Back 4

a substance consisting of 2 or more different element

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SUBATOMIC PARTICLE

Back 5

protons= single + charge
neutrons= electrically neutral charge
electrons= neg. electrical charge

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NUCLEUS

Back 6

controls all the activities of the cell

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ELECTRON SHELLS

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where -e are located; occupied by 2,8, 8, 18

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ATOMIC NUMBER

Back 8

# of protons

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MASS NUMBER

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protons + neutrons

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RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES

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same # of protons and electrons but DIFFERENT # OF NEUTRONS

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COVALENT BOND

Back 11

atoms that share -e

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IONIC BOND

Back 12

2 ions with opposite charges attract; lose -e= pos. charge and gain e- = neg. charge

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SOLUTION

Back 13

solute + solvent

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SOLUTE

Back 14

smaller amount of substances

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SOLVENT

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larger amount of substance

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pH

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hydrogen ion concentration

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ACID

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pH < 7

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BASE

Back 18

pH > 7

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COHESION

Back 19

attraction b/w same type of molecule

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ADHESION

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attraction b/w different type of molecules

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NEUTRAL

Back 21

ph = 7

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ATOM

Back 22

smallest unit of matter

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ION

Back 23

an atom or molecule with an electrical charge

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ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Back 24

the attraction (pull) of shared -e

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POLAR COVALENT

Back 25

where there is a charge

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NONPOLAR COVALENT

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where there is not a charge

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SURFACE TENSION

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a measure of how different it is to break the surface of a liquid

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TRANSPIRATION

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evaporation of water from plant surfaces

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GIANT SEQUOIA

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tallest tree in the world

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XYLEM

Back 30

water conducting tissue

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PHLOEM

Back 31

conducts food/ sugar

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HEAT

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energy associated with movement of atom and molecules in matter

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TEMP.

Back 33

measures the intensity of heat

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ACID PRECIPITATION

Back 34

when rain, snow, or fog has a pH lower than 5.6

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ORGANIC COMPOUND

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carbon containing compounds: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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groups attached to the compound; OH, COOH, C=O

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MACROMOLECULES

Back 37

long chain molecules, large molecules

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POLYMERS

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macromolecules made from identical building blocks put together

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MONOMERS

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building blocks ; one glucose

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DEHYDRATION

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increase the length of a polymer: removes water

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HYDROLYSIS

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break polymers apart; adds water

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MONOSACCHARIDE

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carb., simple sugar
glucose, fructose

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POLYSACCHARIDE

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carb., 2 sugar units
sucrose, table sugar

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DISACCHARIDE

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carb., many sugar units
pentose, hextose

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STARCH

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a storage unit polysaccharides composed of glucose monomers and found in plants, rice, corn

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GLYCOGEN

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a storage for polysaccharides composed of glucose, hydolized by animals when needed

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CHITIN

Back 47

a polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build exoskeleton

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CELLULOSE

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a polymer of glucose that forms plant cell wall

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PHOSPHO LIPID

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phosphate + lipids in cell membrane

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PROTEINS

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made up of amino acids

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AMINO ACIDS

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Monomers; 20 in living organisms

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PEPTIDE BOND

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bond that connects amino acids

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DENATURATION

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causes peptide chains to unravel and lose their shapes ; occur from changes in pH

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DNA

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Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid; poly nucleotide; sugar is deoxyribose

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NITROGEN BASE OF DNA

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ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, THYMINE

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RNA

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ribonucleic acid; single stranded
sugar is ribose

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NITROGEN BASE OF RNA

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ADENINE,CYTOSINE, GUANINE, URACIL

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LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

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when someone can't digest lactose and gets diahrrea. lacks the enzyme lactase

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ENZYMES

Back 59

biological catayst that speeds up chemical reactions in cell

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LACTOSE
CASEIN
ALBUMIN

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SUGAR IN MILK
PROTEIN-WHITE COLOR
PROTEIN IN EGGS

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LIPIDS

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water insoluble (hydrophobic or fear water) compounds that are important in energy storage

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HYDROPHOBIC

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repel water

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HYDROPHILIC

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attracts water

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UNSATURATED FATS

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BONDS THAT HAVE FEWER THAN THE MAX. # OF HYDROGENS

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CELL OF LIVING ORGANISM

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CELL MEMBRANE (made from phospholipids and proteins)

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CELL OF PLANT

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CELL WALL (made from cellulose)

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SATURATED FATS

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bonds with the max # of hydrogen

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FUNCTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

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transport

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EXTRINSIC (PERIPHERAL)

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INSIDE THE HEAD

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INTRINSIC (INTEGRAL)

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in b/w the tails

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METABOLISM

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all of the chemical reactions in the body

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CATABOLISM

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degradation

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ANABOLISM

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synthesis

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WATSON AND CRICK GOT NOBEL PRIZE FOR

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structure of DNA (Double Helix)

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LIGHT MICROSCOPE

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uses light
binocular-2 ocular lens (magn 10x)
Objectives (magn. 4x,10x, 40x, 100x)

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ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

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use electrons and electron beams

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SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)

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used to study the surface of a cell

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TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM)

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used to study the internal structure of the cell

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CELL THEORY

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all living things are composed of cells; cells form from pre existing cells

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PROKARYOTIC CELL

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small; contains no nucleus

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

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CONTAINS NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES

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CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

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tine structure in the cytoplasm; ribosomes mitochondria

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CELL MEMBRANE

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plasma membrane (made from phospholipds and protein); proposed by Nicholson Mosaic
Model function is to transport

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NUCLEUS

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genetic control center; holds DNA

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CHROMATIN

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in nucleus; made from DNA and the protein (Histone)

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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contains smooth and rough ER; Ribosomes

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GOLGI BODY

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organelle that receive protein molecules, modify, and ship it

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RIBOSOME

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protein synthesi

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VESICLES

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sacs made of membranes

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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

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connected with the nuclear membrane

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lysosomes

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deals with digestion (enzymes) and recycling (debris/broken organelles)

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VACUOLES

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found in plant cell, membrane sacs

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MITOCHONDRION

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Power House of cell- ATP molecules

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CHLOROPLAST

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found in plants (fuction photosynthesis)

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CILIA and FLAGELLA

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hairlike structure (func. mobility)
propels cell by whiplike motion

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SMOOTH ER

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RIBOSOMES ARE ABSENT, found in liver/ steroids ;detoxyfication

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ROUGH ER

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ribosomes are present

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CELL JUNCTIONS

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tight-prevent leakage
anchoring-fasten cells together
gap- allow flow b/w cells

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PLASMODESMATA

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COMMUNICATION B/W PLANTS

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9 + 2 STRUCTURE

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9( OUTER MICROTUBES=DOUBLETS)
2 CENTRAL MICROTUBES