French Revolution And Napoleon Sg

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Bourgeois

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Middle class. Third Estate. Commoners.

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Estates General

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Calling of which in 1789 was a revolutionary act. Said king couldn't rule alone.

Body made up of representatives of the three estates.

1st-clergy

2nd-nobles

3-commoners (everyone else)

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First Estate

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Clergy. 1% of people owned 10% of land.

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Second Estate

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Nobles. 2% of people owned 25% of land.

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Third Estate

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Middle class; peasants, city workers, everyone else. 97% of people owned 65% of land.

(Only group that payed taxes.)

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Abby Sieyes/

What is the Third Estate

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The third estate keeps France afloat. France is nothing without the third estate because they pay taxes and do work.

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National Assembly

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The third estate proclaimed themselves Frances government and representatives of the nation. This is what they also called themselves.

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Tennis Court Oath

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Swore not to leave until France had a constitution.

"National Assembly"/3rd estate did this.

Resulted in the first constitution of France.

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Storming of the Bastille

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A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the national assembly spread.

18 dead. 73 wounded. 7 guards killed.

First "real" day of French Revolution.

Bastille was a prison that turned into a nation guard armory.

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March of the Women

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Spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women (mothers) for bread (who could not feed their families). Women marched to Versailles to protest. Stormed the palace. Took Louis the 16th and his family, brought them to the Tuileries palace so they could see how underappreciated the 3rd estate was.

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Civil constitution of the clergy

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Jurying vs. Non Jurying Clergy

New relations between church and state. Government paid salaries of French Clergy and maintained churches.

Church = Reorganized

-Parish priests were elected by district assemblies

-Bishops were named by department assemblies

-Pope had no voice in appointment of French clergy

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Ancien Regime

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The old order before revolution in France, filled with class justices, weakened and almost bankrupt.

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The Great Fear

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A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of Bastille in 1789.

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Marie Antoinette

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The queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband.

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Louis XVI

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King of France (1774-1792) In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

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Directory Government

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National Convention - Middle class writes a constitution in 1795. Elect members of a reorganized legislative assembly-5 man executive. Continued to support French military expansion. Actions reinforced widespread disgust with war and starvation (shown in national elections). Use army to nullify elections, govern dictatorially.

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Battle of Waterloo

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The battle on June 18, 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat.

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White Terror

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Royalist rebellion in Paris, trying to kill all revolutionaries, Napoleon first appears and says "width of a grape shot" and ends rebellion.

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Levee Masse

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The creation under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare.

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Robespierre

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French revolutionary leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat.

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Danton

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French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris Bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror.

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Committee of Public Safety

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Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled war effort. Instigated the "Reign of Terror."

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Reign of Terror

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The historical period (1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed.

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Sans Culottes

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In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of parisian wage-earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages.

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Girondins

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Delegates in the National Convention who favored a republic but feared domination by Paris.

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Jacobins

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The dominant group in the national convention in 1793 who replaced the Girondist. It was headed by Robespierre. Radical republicans who saw themselves as the voice of people. Allied with the San Culottes.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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1789, a French document that stated all men were born free and equal in rights.

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Egyptian Campaign

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Napoleon's campaign that led him to Egypt to disrupt the English trade there. Won the battle of the pyramids, however, Horatio destroyed Napoleon's fleet during the battle of the Nile.

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Jose De San Martin

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General of the Rio de la Plata forces. He led his forces over the Andes Mountains and occupied Santiago. He also helped drive royalist forces from Lima and became the Protector of Peru.

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Simon Bolivar

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Venezuelan revolutionary.

Denounced monarchial rule in the new states. Went into exile and let Peru fall into confusion.

Formed a liberating army to oppose Spanish forces with San Martin.

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Francisco De Goya

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Spanish painter well known for his portraits and for his satires.

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Legion of Honor

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Executive group consisting of talented and meritorious people for the French population for their service to the nation.

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Concordat of 1801

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An agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, signed on July 15 1801. Solidified the Roman Catholic church.

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Plebiscite

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A direct vote in which the entire electorate is invited to accept or refuse a proposal.

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Rosetta Stone

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Found by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian Campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.

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Francois-Noel Babeuf

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Plotted to overthrow the Directory.

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Oligarchy

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Oligarchies and Signori spread across Italy at the same time. Oligarchies were small governing groups governing land and people for their own purposes.

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Thermidorian Reaction

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Name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution. It is associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the directory.

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De-Christianization

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An unsuccessful aggressive campaign by radical revolutionaries that denounced religious institutions and symbols.

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Law of 22 Prairial

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The law that permitted the revolutionary tribunals to convict suspects without hearing substantial evidence against them.

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The Vendee Revolt

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1793. Revolt against revolution. Noble revolt with some rural peasant support.

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Law of General Maximum

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1793. Limited grain prices and wages. Strictly enforced. Hoarders rooted out and punished, food supplies secured by army.

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Law of Suspects

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Allowed for the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those suspected of treason. Strictly and widely enforced.

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Decree of Fraternity

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Offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow the government.

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Louis XVIII

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Brother of Louis XVI

Reorganized Catholicism as the state religion, provided limited franchise, freedom of religion, equality before the law and freedom of expression.

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Nelson

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One-eyed British Admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar.

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Consulate

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Governmental body between 18 brumaire coup and Napoleon's official declaration as emperor.

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St. Helena

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Island of Napoleon's second exile.

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Elba

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Island of Napoleon's first exile.

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Battle of Leipzig

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After Napoleon failed in his invasion of Russia, other European powers formed an alliance against him and defeated him in a crushing victory.

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Battle of Austerlitz

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Napoleon defeats a joint Austrian-Russian force.

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Battle of Trafalgar

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British navy led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon as a part of the 3rd coalition against France.

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The Coalitions

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Attempts by European monarchs to subdue the French Revolution and Napoleon. Involved Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and Russia.

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Confederation of the Rhine

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Replacement of the Holy Roman Empire after Napoleon conquered eastern Europe

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Montagnards

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Sat on the highest benches in the Assembly. They instigated the Reign of Terror, and imploded to end the Reign of Terror.

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Duke of Wellington

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Led an invasion by British forces against French-held Spain. This would come to be known as the Peninsular war.

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Jean-Paul Marat

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One of the leaders of the Montagnards. Spread misinformation that Louis XVI's hierlings hoarded grain to starve the people.

Stabbed to death in bathtub by noblewoman Charlotte Corday.

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The National Convention

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-Sans Culottes

-The mob

-Storm Paris and set up a commune

-Anti constitution - Anti king

-Meets and declares beginning of revolution

-New army pushes out civilian army

-Agrees to help everyone who agrees with them.

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The Guillotine

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The national "razor". Most "humane" method of execution at the time.

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Brunswick Manifesto

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Austria and prussia warned the French that they would be severely punished if the royal family were harmed.

Brother of Marie Antoinette.

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Constitution of 1791

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French constitution that proclaimed a constitutional monarchy rather than an absolutist monarchy.

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Assignats

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Paper currency, French churches were used as collateral- the French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

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Olympia and the Declaration of the Rights of Women

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French Journalist who published the declaration of rights of women.

It demanded that French women get the same rights as men.

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The Tri-color

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Early flag used by revolutionaries that became France's national flag.

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Liberte! Egalite! Fraternite!

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Major ideas behind the French revolution. Liberty, equality, fraternity.

The ideas that the people of France really wanted.

Came from the American revolution and influenced Saint Domingue's independence from France.

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August Decrees

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A series of decrees issued by the National Assembly in August 1789 that successfully surpressed the Great Fear by releasing all peasants from feudal contracts.

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Enlightenment

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The 18th century historical intellectual movement.

Advocated reason.

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Napoleonic Code

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Legally unity provided first clear and complete codification of French law; Longest lasting legacy of Napoleon's rule; established equality before the law, freedom of religion, property rights, and abolition of serfdom.

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Hundred Days

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Name given to the time Napoleon ruled France after his escape from Elba island.

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Coup de etat/ Brumaire Coup

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Refers to an overthrow of government.

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Josephine

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Wife of Napoleon.

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Continental System

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Economic blockade against England to weaken it and allow Napoleon to take over but falls overall.

Instigates war between England and France while England is fighting war with America.

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Order in Council

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British Privy council specifically used this order to make a sanction during the Napoleonic wars. It blockaded French ports until ships went to British Port.

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Berlin Decree

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Instituted the Continental System. in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.

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Milan Decree

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Response to ordering council. Proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British regulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France.

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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Born of italian descent to a prominent corsican family on the French island of Corsica; Military genious.