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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
German physicist, originator of the quantum theory
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Planck
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the short, irregular bursts that energy radiates in; discrete packets of energy
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quanta
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explains that time and space do not exist independent of human observance and that matter is energy in a different form
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Einstein's theory of relativity
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"that which does not kill me makes me stronger"; thought that bourgeois society was decadent and incapable of true creativity - lays the blame on preference of science and reason rather than emotion and instinct; one of the main critics of Christianity, which had obliterated human will and created a slave moreality by taking the side of the weak and pitiful in favor of humility; said that society had killed God because had takien out the mystery of the all-mighty; thought that humans were now free to create the Superman, capable of thinking and doing more than the masses and must declare war on the weak masses; rejects democracy, social reform, universal suffrage
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Nietzche
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accepts rationalism as a useful tool for practical problems, but not a tool that was able to acheive ultimate truth; "life force" was in everything, tying together all things and was beyond rationality - could only be understood intuitively
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Bergson
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combines Bergson's "life force" and Nietzche's limits on rationalism with some revolutionary socialism (must acheive our means through physical force)
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Georges Sorel
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humans influenced by unconcious desires and some memories were repressed by concious mind; inner life was a constant conflict between the id (center of unconciousness, expresses true desire) the ego (seat of reason) and the superego (restraints absorbed from society)
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Freud
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leading proponent of Social Darwinism; society evolves through a struggle for survival in which the fittest survive and the weakest die out, therefore, state should not intervene by trying to help the poor; applied by radical nationalists and racists as justification for imperialism and conquest and slavery
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Spencer
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applies Darwin's theories to war; wrote "Germany and the Next War"; notion of the volk - the people and their fatherland
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Friedrich von Bernhardt
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Germans were the pure successors, must fight against inferior races
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Chamberlain
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in his "Life of Jesus", denied the divinity of Jesus, but still thought that Jesus was a life well lived and a good model that should be followed
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Ernst Renan
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in his "Syllabus of Errors", had an outright rejection of modernity; denied that papacy had to reconcile old Christian thought with new ideas of progress; condemned nationalism, socialism, etc.
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Pius IX
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wrote the DeRerum Novarum; represented the Catholic compromise with the modern world; allowed evolution as a hypothesis; criticized capitalism, but agreed with owning private property; agreed with socialism, but condemed Marxism as anti-religious
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Leo XIII
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attempt by the Church to re-interpret Christianity; decided that the Bible was not the literal word of God but, rather, guidelines to live by; get involved in many reforms and encourage Church to create a greater sense of community
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Modernism
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one of the evangelical missions that emerged to administer to the poor
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Salvation Army
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