Ap Euro Semester 1 Terms And People

Front 1

who popularized vernacular?

Back 1

dante, chaucer, martin luther

Front 2

What was significant about the new monarchs?

Back 2

they created professional armies, a more centralized government, and new relationships with the catholic church

Front 3

Examples of New Monarchs?

Back 3

Charles VII, Louis XI (spider king), Henry VII (star chamber), Ferdinand and Isabella

Front 4

taille

Back 4

direct tax on the french peasantry

Front 5

mercantilism

Back 5

economic policy of close government regulation of the economy. maximizing exports and limiting imports. importance of colonies for gold and silver

Front 6

putting-out system

Back 6

rich urban merchant would bring materials to rural people who worked to make items in their own homes. they would then sell them in the cities

Front 7

joint stock company

Back 7

business where many investors raise money for a company. ex: East India Company

Front 8

intendants

Back 8

French royal officials who supervised the governments of various provinces in the name of the king. It extended the king's power/ affluence. Common of an absolute monarch

Front 9

Fronde

Back 9

a series of rebellions against the monarchy before Louis XIV rose to the throne. This is why Versailles is not located in Paris.

Front 10

Robot

Back 10

a system of forced labor in eastern Europe

Front 11

junkers

Back 11

Prussia's landowning nobility, who had power over serfs. Their power was curbed by Frederick William the Great Elector

Front 12

Scientific/ Empirical method

Back 12

Developed by Francis Bacon

Front 13

Philosophes

Back 13

French enlightened thinkers. Stressed freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system.

Front 14

general will

Back 14

Developed by Rousseau, who thought it was very important. Refers to the desire or best interest of a people as a whole

Front 15

Examples of enlightened despots

Back 15

Joseph II, Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great.

Front 16

Characteristics of enlightened despots

Back 16

religious tolerance, economic success, administrative reform, territorial expansion, scientific academies.

Front 17

physiocrats

Back 17

French economists that criticized mercantilism and called for free trade.

Front 18

Parlements

Back 18

french regional courts dominated by nobles

Front 19

Levee en masse

Back 19

French policy of drafting all males into the army.

Front 20

Thermidorian Reaction

Back 20

reaction against the radicalism of the Reign of Terror. signaled the establishment of the Directory and reassertion of the bourgoise

Front 21

Balance of Power

Back 21

weak countries join together to match the power of a stronger country. (seen in the treaty of spanish succession..?)

Front 22

Descartes

Back 22

French philosopher and mathematician. Used deductive reasoning from self-evident principles to reach scientific laws.

Front 23

Copernicus

Back 23

Polish astronomer, developed a new heliocentric theory and wrote "On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies"

Front 24

Rousseau

Back 24

Enlightened thinker best known for writing "The Social Contract" & "Emile". Believed that since "law is the expression of the general will," the state is based on social contract. Emphasized the education of the whole person for citizenship. Rejected excessive rationalism and stressed emotions, thus anticipating the romantic movement. Man is innately born good.

Front 25

Mary Wollstonecraft

Back 25

British writer, philosopher, and feminist who wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman." Argued that women are not naturally inferior to men. Maintained that women deserve the same fundamental rights as men.

Front 26

Niccolo Machiavelli

Back 26

wrote "The Prince"; it is better to be feared than to be loved

Front 27

Erasmus

Back 27

Northern humanist who wrote "In Praise of Folly" in Latin. Wanted to reform, not destroy, the Church

Front 28

Isaac Newton

Back 28

Wrote "Principa", illustrating principles of gravity and inertia, strongly influenced Deism

Front 29

John Locke

Back 29

thought of the concept of "the tabula rosa", or "blank slate". Believed government should protect life, liberty, and property. Influenced the American Declaration of Independence

Front 30

Adam Smith

Back 30

established idea of "invisible hand" economic policy

Front 31

Francis Bacon

Back 31

Established ideas of scientific/empirical method

Front 32

Johannes Kepler

Back 32

assistant to Tycho Brahe (the guy with the pet reindeer and gold nose). Planets move in elliptical orbits, not circular ones

Front 33

Edmund Burke

Back 33

Englishman who wrote reflections on the French Revolution

Front 34

Michel de Montaigne

Back 34

Developed the essay form of writing

Front 35

Voltaire

Back 35

French philosphe who wrote essays and letters emphasizing liberty, reason, progress, and toleration

Front 36

Hobbes

Back 36

English political philosopher who wrote "Leviathan". Viewed human beings as naturally self centered and prone to violence. Feared the dangers of anarchy more than the dangers of tyranny.

Front 37

Louis XIV

Back 37

"The Sun King". Absolute French monarch, didn't call the Esates General into session once during his reign, curbed power of nobles, extended land of the French Empire until the Spanish Succession when he was told to stop by other countries. France was ruled by Cardinal Richleau before Louis XIV

Front 38

Catherine the Great

Back 38

she and her lover conspire to kill her husband Peter III. Wanted to Westernize russia, expand territory, and have domestic reform. conditions for serfs worsened after the Pugachev rebellion. Jews gain equality. Annexed Polish territory.

Front 39

Charles V

Back 39

Hapsburg HRE under the reformation when Martin Luther was around. Held Diet of Worms to go against Luther, which went wrong. Big supporter of Catholicism. War with France in Hapsburg-Valois Wars.

Front 40

Frederick William I

Back 40

Prussian. son of Frederick William the Great Elector. Abolished serfdom, formed General Directory where he had to approve all laws, first thing he wanted to do was establish a great standing army

Front 41

Frederick William the "Great Elector"

Back 41

Prussian. Saw himself as a "servant of the state". Had religious toleration, promotion of education, reformed court system with abolished torture.

Front 42

Elizabeth I

Back 42

Beat the Spanish Armada, which sent Spain into a decline of power. Renaissance queen. Loved Shakespeare, father was Henry VIII and sister was Bloody Mary. Mary Queen of Scots tried to kill her.

Front 43

Stuart Monarchs

Back 43

ruled with divine right under Elizabeth I. Very weak monarchy. James I and Charles I

Front 44

Maria Theresa

Back 44

Succeeds to the Austrian throne because of her father Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanction. Strengthened bureaucracy, taxed nobles, helped serfs

Front 45

War of Austrian Succession

Back 45

Maria Theresa looses land to Frederick II of Prussia

Front 46

Joseph II

Back 46

Son of Maria Theresa, "enlightened monarch"; tragically ahead of his time: religious tolerance, abolishment of serfdom, educational reforms, state should rule by reason. Many of his innovations had to be undone by his brother Leopoldo

Front 47

Cameralism

Back 47

monarchy is best form of government and monarchy acts on best interest of the public good

Front 48

Diet of Augsburg

Back 48

Held by Charles V, Augsburg confession lays out what the Protestant faith is

Front 49

Edict of Nantes

Back 49

Protestants can practice faith in specific towns

Front 50

Concordat of Bologna

Back 50

French king can appoint bishops and pope gets first year salary from each bishop

Front 51

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Back 51

Daughter of Catherine de Medici (protestant) marries Henry of Navarre (Protestant-Huguenot), and the catholic and protestant guests at the wedding start killing each other

Front 52

Stuart Monarch's rule leads to English Civil War: Causes? (think of religion and Parliament)

Back 52

Religion: Lower-lever aristocrats, or gentry, become more protestant and have protestant work ethic. James I and Charles I are Catholic.
Lack of Parliament's Consent: Parliament opposed to the Stuart Monarch's rule. Stuart Monarchs don't want to use parliament
Charles I dissolves parliament twice. Puritains gain majority in Parliament
Charles I declares war on enemies in Parliament

Front 53

Roundheads

Back 53

Puritains/ those in parliament who are in opposition to Charles I

Front 54

Cavaliers

Back 54

people who were for the aristocracy and monarchy

Front 55

Basics of 4 Phases of the 30 Years War
(Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French)

Back 55

BOH: Hapsburg Ferdinand II becomes HRE. Doesn't want any protestant churches on his land. Leads to Defenestration of Prague. Protestant rebels defeated at Battle of White Mountain
DAN: Defeat of Protestants in North and Catholics are restored all land that was lost
SWEL: Change from religious to territorial war, France and Sweden get involved
FRE: most destructive phase.

Front 56

Peace of Westphalia

Back 56

Ends 30 Years War. States ruler of each state can determine the official religion, but must permit private worship. Switzerland becomes independent of HRE.

Front 57

100 Years War

Back 57

Last battle of the Middle Ages. Determines importance of infantry, longbows, and less of a need for knights. Territorial dispute between France and England. France wins at Battle of Orleans.