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50 Cards in this Set
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Renaissance |
the “rebirth”of classical culture that occurred in Italy between c. 1350 and c. 1550; also, the earlier revivals of classical culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the twelfth century |
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Jacob Burckhardt |
Swiss historian and art critic who created the modern view of the Renaissance in his book; he also established the structure of the modern views of the Renaissance |
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Leon Battista Alberti |
Florentine architect in the fifteenth century who proclaimed “Men can do all things if they will.”; his statement created a new ideal for the human personality and well being |
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Hanseatic League |
was an economic and military alliance of northern European trading cities that established a monopoly on trade from the Baltic to the North Sea |
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House of Medici |
was the greatest bank in Europe in the fifteenth century; they were smart in what to invest in and had many branches throughout Europe |
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Castiglione’s "Book of the Courtier" |
first published in 1528, and was the fundamental handbook for centuries; the book described the three basic attributes of the perfect courtier and that is why it became so popular for the Europeans |
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Francisco Sforza |
started out as a Milanese employee in 1447 who then turned on them to conquer the city and become the new duke; is goal was to create a highly centralized territorial state |
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Cosimo d’Medici |
succeeded in dominating the city at a time when Florence was the center of cultural Renaissance in 1434 and when his grandson later took over; the family ruled from behind the scenes by finding allies for the oligarchy |
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The Papal States |
the lay in central Italy where the Popes had most control over them, although three territories did become independent of papal authority; including Urbino, Bologna, and Ferrara |
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Isabella d'Este |
know for her intelligence and political wisdom, she and her husband had a court that was an important center of art and learning; called the “first lady of the world” she effectively ruled Mantua and won a reputation as a clever negotiator |
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Peace of Lodi and Balance of Power |
it ended half a century of war in 1454 and started a peaceful era which would last for 40 years; Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and the Papacy created the balance of power |
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1527 Sack of Rome |
King Charles I brought a temporary end to the Italian Wars; the Spanish dominated Italy |
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Machiavelli’s "The Prince" |
gave concrete expression to the Renaissance preoccupation with political power; one of the most famous and widely read treatises on Western politics |
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Civic Humanism |
an intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that saw Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state |
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Petrarch |
often called father of Italian Renaissance humanism; he was guests to many kings and lords as he travelled to discover new things about the world and himself |
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Bruni’s "The New Cicero" |
he waxed enthusiastic about the fusion of political action and literary creation in Cicero’s life; Cicero served as the inspiration for the Renaissance ideal that intellectuals had a duty to live an active life for their state |
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Lorenzo Valla |
he wanted to restore Latin from the medieval Latin to its original beauty through his book "The Elegances of the Latin Language"; he only excepted the best kinds of the Latin language through the different stages and he got it to be back on track |
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Marcilio Ficino and Neoplatonism |
was an academy leader who dedicated his life to translating Plato’s work and the exposition of the Platonic Philosophy known as Neoplatonism |
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Renaissance Hermeticism |
an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution |
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Pico della Mirandola’s "Oration" |
contains the common “nuggets of universal truth” that diligently combed through the works of many philosophers; contains statement that contained an unlimited amount of human potential |
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Liberal Studies |
includes history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music; purpose was to produce peoples that who would follow a path of virtue, wisdom, and would be able to convince others to do the same |
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Francesco Guicciardini |
in the early sixteenth century, he believed that the purpose of writing was to teach lessons, but some lessons were not always self-evident; he developed skills to help analyze political situations thoroughly with the help of personal examples and document sources |
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Johannes Gutenberg |
had an important role in bringing the process of developing printing between 1445 and 1450; his Bible was the first book to use this type of technology |
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Masaccio |
thought to be the man who painted the first masterpiece of the Early Renaissance art (1401-1428 in Florence) because he started to use more realistic art that was used with figures and landscape; created three-dimensional human figures in his art pieces |
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Lorenzo the Magnificent |
grandson to Cosimo and helped dominate the city of Florence during his lifetime (1469-1492), Florence became the center of the cultural Renaissance |
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Botticelli’s "Primavera" |
reflects the writer’s strong interest in classical antiquity; the painting reflects a scene where people are dancing, gods and goddesses are watching, and cupid is shooting his arrows |
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Donatello’s "David" |
at first, it stood in Medici Palace’s courtyard with an inscription on its base that praised Florentine’s heroism and virtue |
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Brunelleschi |
an architect who drew inspiration from Roman antiquity monuments and built a dome for the unfinished Cathedral of Florence (the Duomo) which was built from 1420 to 1436 and had a 140-foot opening |
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High Renaissance |
dominated by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo; Leonardo represents a transitional figure, Raphael attempted to achieve an ideal of beauty far surpassing human standards, and Michelangelo was fiercely driven by his desire to create |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
he carried on the fifteenth-century experimental tradition by studying everything and even dissecting human bodies to see more clearly how nature worked; stressed the need to advance beyond such realism and go from a realistic portrayal to an ideal form; was known for "The Last Supper" |
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Raphael |
at twenty-five, he already was considered one of Italy’s best painters and always attempted to achieve and ideal beauty far surpassing human standards; was known for frescoes in the Vatican Palace and his "School of Athens" |
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Michelangelo |
an accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect, was another giant of the High Renaissance; fiercely driven by his desire to create, he worked with great passion on a remarkable number of projects; he is know for "David" and his work on the Sistine chapel ceiling that was completed in 1512 |
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Sistine Chapel |
is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope, in Vatican City |
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Bramante and Saint Peter’s |
he designed a small temple on this sight; the temple had columns, a dome, and a sanctuary |
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Giorgio Vasari |
was an avid admirer of Italy’s great artists and wrote a series of brief biographies of them; known for "Lives of the Artists" |
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Northern Renaissance |
artists took different approaches when it came to art. For example, in Italy, the human form became the primary vehicle of expression as Italian artists sought to master the technical skills that allowed them to portray humans in realistic settings |
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Jan van Eyck |
was among the first to use oil paint, a medium that enabled the artist to use a varied range of colors and create fine details during the Northern Renaissance in the fifteenth century |
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Albrecht Durer |
was an artist from Nuremberg who greatly affected by the Italians and learned much from them during his life period; known for writing treatises on mastery of laws of perspective and Renaissance theories of proportion; the "Adoration of the Magi" is one of his pieces where he tries to integrate the northern artists ideas and minute details |
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Madrigals |
was a poem set to music that was originated in the Italian courts in the fourteenth-century; usually twelve lines written with a theme of emotional or exotic love in a vernacular |
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New Monarchies |
the governments of France, England, and Spain at the end of the fifteenth century, whose rulers succeeded in reestablishing or extending centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and insisting on the loyalty of all peoples living their territories |
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Louis XI the Spider and Henry VII |
he secured a regular source of income by imposing a tax called the taille, but had a problem with the French nobility because he couldn’t repress them and they posed a threat to his independent state; this guy was the first Tudor king who worked to reduce internal dissension and establish a strong monarchical government |
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Ferdinand and Isabella |
these two married in 1469 and a major step unifying the Iberian Kingdom, but this was the dynastic union of two rulers and not a political union; these two rulers worked to strengthen the royal control of government |
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Spanish Inquisition |
was established in 1480 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile |
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The Habsburgs |
was a dynasty that many countries feared because they didn’t fight wars, but gained by dynastic marriages; they would leave the fighting to others |
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Ivan III |
was a prince of a Russian state who annexed other Russian principalities and took advantage of dissension among the Mongols to throw off their yoke by 1480 |
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Constantinople and 1453 |
was a powerful city in 1204 that ended and then the new dynasty started, called the Palaeologus dynasty, that ended in 1453; it was a very powerful city that weakened other areas severely |
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John Wycliffe and John Hus |
both disliked the Christian church and ordered attacks on them; one of them led him to make a far ranging attack on papal authority and medieval Christian beliefs and practices and the other guy urged the elimination of the worldliness and corruption of the clergy and attacked excessive power of the papacy within the Catholic Church |
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Pius II’s "Execrabilis" |
in 1460 he issued the papal bull, condemning appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical |
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Renaissance Popes |
they pursued their interests in the Papal States and Italian politics, especially their use of intrigue and even bloodshed |
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Leo X |
was Lorenzo de’ Medici’s son who was an archbishop at the age of eight, cardinal at the age of thirteen, and then pope at the age of thirty-seven; had many interests in the Renaissance cultures |
