Fluency Ch. 1-Introduction To Stuttering

Front 1

True/False
All children in Pre-K are disfluent.

Back 1

True

Front 2

True/False
75-80% of all people who stutter become fluent.

Back 2

True

Front 3

True/False
20% of all people who stutter remain disfluent.

Back 3

True

Front 4

True/False
Stuttering exists world-wide.

Back 4

True

Front 5

What percentage of the world's population are people who stutter?

Back 5

1 percent

Front 6

What are the 3 elements of stuttering?

Back 6

1. Core behaviors
2. Secondary behaviors
3. Disfluency Related Feelings and Attitudes

Front 7

What are core behaviors of stuttering?

Back 7

1. Repitions-more than 2
2. prolongations
3. blocks

Front 8

What is fluency?

Back 8

Natural, effortless speech flow. Speaking with a forward flow of speech. No interuptions to the speech flow.

Front 9

What is disfluency?

Back 9

An interuption in speech, whether it is normal or not

Front 10

What is stuttering?

Back 10

Abnormally high frequency and/or duration of stoppages in the forward flow of speech.

Front 11

What are core behaviors?

Back 11

Basic behaviors that occur first in the development of stuttering. GENERAL order.

Front 12

What are four things that would be repeated in the core behaviors to cause stuttering?

Back 12

1. sound
2. syllable
3. whole word
4. phrase

Front 13

What is a prolongation?

Back 13

sound or airflow continues but mvmt. of articulators stopped—1/2 second or more. Holding sound too long, most likely stuttering

Front 14

What is a block?

Back 14

inappropriate stoppage of airflow, voice or articulators---1/2 second or more

Front 15

What are secondary behaviors?

Back 15

Patterns which develop secondary to core behaviors as stutterer attempts to avoid stuttering. (People’s reaction to their stuttering.
)

Front 16

What are two secondary behaviors?

Back 16

escape and avoidance behaviors.

Front 17

What are escape behaviors?

Back 17

(starters—old term) to get speech process going, things people do to hide f/ their stuttering. Things people do to fill the space.
Ex. eye blinks, jaw jerks, knee slap, interjection of sounds, etc.

Front 18

What are avoidance behaviors?

Back 18

(postponements—old term)
a. word substitutions
b. word circumlocutions
c. situations

Front 19

When is the onset of stuttering?

Back 19

18 months-12 years old.
Usually between 2-5 years old.

Front 20

True/False
The onset of stuttering coincides with the period of rapid expansion of speech and language skills.

Back 20

True

Front 21

How many people in 100 are PWS?

Back 21

1

Front 22

True/False
More boys recover spontaneously (no therapy)from stuttering than girls.

Back 22

False

Front 23

What are the 3 characteristics of learned behavior?

Back 23

1. anticipation-predict difficult words
2. consistency- stutter on the same words
3. adaptation- stuttering decreased through repeated readings.

Front 24

What are the "loci" of stuttering (the place where stuttering occurs more frequently)?

Back 24

-consonants
-initial position (word and sentence)
-purposeful speech vs. isolated words
-content vs. function words (not in very young children)
-longer words
-stressed syllables
-increased length and complexity of language

Front 25

What are some fluency enhancing conditions (stuttering decreases under the following conditions)?

Back 25

-speaking alone
-speaking in unison
-speaking to animal, infant, or toy
-singing
-delayed auditory feedback
-aside comments
-drugs/alcohol

May reduce the communicative stress
May change use of the motor speech system
In general: slower rate/less effort/air flow

Front 26

What ratio of PWS have a family history of stuttering?

Back 26

2/3

Front 27

What type of person is at the highest risk to pass it on?

Back 27

female who stutters or has family history of stuttering.

Front 28

True/False
Stuttering is multifactoral-integration of both genetic and environmental factors.

Back 28

True
Environmental factors would be an overload of language learning.