Fluency Disorders Quiz 1 - Chapter 3

Front 1

What are our sources on onset?

Back 1

Parents' reports, chld's speech, reaction and tests, instrument data, genetics

Front 2

What are the four main questions regarding stuttering onset?

Back 2

When does it happen, Who is affect, How does it happen and What happens

Front 3

When does stuttering usually begin?

Back 3

Range: 16 - 60 months
Mean: 33.40 months
for boys: 33.60
for girls: 32.95

56% of onsets occur between 24 to 36 months of age; 84% from 18 to 42 months

Front 4

How does stuttering usually begin/what is the manner of onset?

Back 4

41% sudden (1-3 days); 32% Intermediate (1-2 weeks) and 27% gradual (3 weeks >= 6 weeks)

Front 5

What are disfluencies near onset like?

Back 5

Stuttering-Like Disfluencies (per 100 syllables); Stuttering Children, 10.37; normal children 1.33

Front 6

What are some secondary characteristics?

Back 6

52% of children exhibit at least one:

Facial contortions
Eye closing
Head tilting
Respiratory irregularities
Others

Front 7

What are the statistics related to stuttering severity at onset?

Back 7

Mild - Clinins 35%; Prnts 45%
Moderate - C 45%; P 27%
Severe - C 20%; P 28%

Front 8

Reported Stress at Onset

Back 8

Illness 14%
Emotional upset 40%
Behavioral stress 36%
Rapid lang. develop. 40%
Hard finding words 43%

Front 9

What is the nature of the onset period for stuttering?

Back 9

Sudden (1-3 days) 40%
Intermediate (1-2 wks) 33%
Gradual (>2 weeks) 28%

Front 10

How do we assess child's reactions and awareness?

Back 10

Parents reports, children's respons to clinician probing; puppet tast (child's identification wth fluent or non-fluent puppet)

Front 11

Are children aware they stutter?

Back 11

Based on the methods listed in the previous slide, some children exhibit awareness of, and reactions to, their stuttering soon after onset. However, studies with the puppet method have indicated sharp rise in awareness between ages 4 and 5.

Front 12

Children can either _________ from stuttering or stuttering can ________

Back 12

Natural Recover or Persist

Front 13

When does natural recovery occur?

Back 13

In some cases, natural recovery trends occur soon after onset.

Front 14

Rates of Persistency/Natural Recovery

Back 14

Within 2 years post onset 31% recover, with 70% chance of recovery an 21% chance of chronic stuttering.
3 years post onset; 63% recovery during that time with 16% chance of recovery and 21% chronic stuttering
4 years post onset 74% recover with 5% chance of recovery and 21% remaining chronic stutters

Front 15

What percent of males recover? / what percent of males persist

Back 15

70% recover, 30% persist

Front 16

What percent of females recover and what percent persist

Back 16

82% recover and 18% persist

Front 17

What is the male/female ration of persistance vs. recovery?

Back 17

persistance 3.67 m/f and recovered 1.89 m/f

Front 18

What are the primary risk factors for persistancy?

Back 18

Family History
Gender
Stuttering trends
Duration of stuttering
Age at onset
Disfluency type
Disfluency length

Front 19

What are the secondary risk factors for persistency?

Back 19

Severity
Secondary characteristics.
Phonology
Expressive language
Acoustic features

Front 20

What are the tertiary risk factors for persistency?

Back 20

Concomitant disorders.
Awareness; Emotional reactions

Front 21

What does a familial history of persistency predict?

Back 21

A familial history of persistency gives a child a 65% chance of following the same trend, and a 35% chance of recovery.

Front 22

What doea a familial history of recovery predict?

Back 22

A familial history of recovery gives a child a 65% chance for the same trend and only 35% chance for persistency

Front 23

What are the types of disfluencies?

Back 23

Part-word repetitions: (a-ai; f-five; ba-baby)
Single-syllable word repetitions: (but-but; and-and)
Multiple-syllable word repetitions: (Because – because)
Phrase repetitions: (I was - I was going; Once up - once upon)
Prolonged sounds: (a>>>>ai like to go; S>>>>ometimes)
Blocks & broken words: ( C (silence)--ake; The ta (silence)--able )
Tense pause: ( I like to (silence)------go home (between words) )
Interjections: ( um; uh; er; hmmm)
Revisions: (I like – I want this ball (same thought))
Incomplete utterance: (The baby – let’s do…(change in thought))

Front 24

What are the two major disfluency classes?

Back 24

Stuttering-Like Disfluency (SLD) and Other disfluency

Front 25

What are the SLDs?

Back 25

Part-word repetition, single- syllable word repetition and disrhythmic phonation (prolongations and blocks)

Front 26

What are the other disfluency types?

Back 26

Interjection, multi-syllable word and Phrase repetition, revision and incomplete utterance

Front 27

What are the physical concomitants that can occur?

Back 27

Head jerks Head turns (side; down)
Forehead tension, Nostrils flaring/constricted,
Eyes closed; squinting ; Eyes widely open
Facial contortions; Lips pressured
Jaw closed tightly; Teeth grinding
Jaw wide open; Sideways jaw movement
Tongue protrusion; Throat tightened
Body swaying; Hand/ arm movements
Irregular exhalation (blowing) during speech
Irregular inhalations (gasping) in the midst of speaking

Front 28

What is the prevalence of the disorder in people who stutter and in the general population?

Back 28

Phonology 16% of PWS; 6%
Language 10% of PWS; 7%
Learning Dis. 7%of PWS; 7%
Reading disabilites 6% of PWS; 6% of population
Other disabilites: 5% of PWS; NA

Front 29

What is adaptation in relation to PWS?

Back 29

Stuttering declines with each successive rereading of a passage
Other conditions of adaptation:
increased fluency with each successive restating of a word or phrase
talking or reading words that are always changing (usually some, but far less adaptation occurs)

Front 30

By what percent is stuttering reduced due to Adaptation?

Back 30

Typical pattern is about 50% decline in stuttering frequency by the 5th reading
Greatest reduction usually on the 2nd reading
Both frequency and severity decline
Improvement is only temporary
Not all clients show the effect

Front 31

What are four phenomena related to stuttering patterns?

Back 31

Adaptation
Consistency – stuttering tends to occur on words previously stuttered
Adjacency – if words are removed, stuttering tends to occur on words near those previously stuttered
Expectancy – stuttering tends to occur on words the speaker predicts will be stuttered

Front 32

What are Brown's 4 factors of stuttering Loci (i.e. when do adult stuttering moments tend to occur?

Back 32

On consonant-initial words rather than vowel-initial words
On long words rather than short ones
On content words rather than function
On sentence-initial (early) words rather than later words in the sentence

Front 33

What are some Manner Of Talking conditions that diminish stuttering?

Back 33

Singing
In rhythm (e.g. to metronome)
In a monotone
Imitating a dialect
Whispering
Speaking Slowly

Front 34

What are some Contexts of Talking conditions that diminish stuttering?

Back 34

To an animal
To an infant
In unison
With delayed auditory feedback
With masking noise
With response contingent stimuli