Csd 494-1 Fluency Quiz 1

Front 1

True or False:

According to Charles Van Riper, stuttering occurs only when the forward flow of speech is interrupted by a motorically disrupted sound, syllable or word.

Back 1

False

According to Charles Van Riper, stuttering occurs when the forward flow of speech is interrupted by a motorically disrupted sound, syllable or word OR by the speaker's reactions thereto.

Front 2

Finish the sentence:

"Stuttering is everything we do...."

Back 2

"...trying not to stutter."

Charles van Riper

Front 3

True or False

Stuttering is a highly complex, multidimensional problem

Back 3

True

Front 4

Four behavior types observed in stuttering:

Back 4

Core behaviors
Escape behaviors
Secondary behaviors
Avoidance behaviors

Front 5

Core behaviors are

Back 5

the actual disfluency

Front 6

Escape behaviors occur

Back 6

at the moment of the stuttering event

Front 7

Stuttering involves ____, ____, and ____.

Back 7

1. disruption of speech flow
2. person's reactions/perceptions
3. listener's perceptions

Front 8

True? False?

Stuttering is a linear disorder that consists of a continuum of behaviors, and occurs in a progressive, more or less predictible pattern that grows worse over time.

Back 8

False

Stuttering is a non-linear disorder that consists of a continuum of behaviors that change over time, is progressive, but not necessarily in a predictible fashion.

Front 9

Name 5 "more typical" types of disfluency for me.

Back 9

1. Hesitation
2. Revision
3. Interjection
4. Word repetition
5. Phrase repetition

Front 10

More typical or less typical?

Part word repeition

Back 10

Less.

Front 11

More typical or less typical?

Hesitation

Back 11

More.

Front 12

More typical or less typical?

Prolongation

Back 12

Less.

Front 13

More typical or less typical?

Block

Back 13

Less.

Front 14

More typical or less typical?

Word Repetition

Back 14

More.

Front 15

More typical or less typical?

Interjection

Back 15

More.

Front 16

More typical or less typical?

Phrase repetition

Back 16

More.

Front 17

More typical or less typical?

Revision

Back 17

More.

Front 18

More typical or less typical?

Tension

Back 18

Less.

Front 19

More typical or less typical?

Breathing abnormalities

Back 19

Less.

Front 20

True or False

More than 3-4 word repetitions, phrase repetitions or interjections in a row is a more typical type of disfluency.

Back 20

False.

It's less typical.

Front 21

More typical or less typical?

Avoidance

Back 21

Less.

Front 22

More typical or less typical?

"Starters"

Back 22

Less.

Front 23

_____ involves excessive muscular effort within the speech mechanism

Back 23

Tension

Front 24

____: hand or foot movements, rapid eye blinking or closing, eyebrow movement, lip pursing, other movements of tongue or other body parts

Back 24

Associated behaviors

Front 25

____: holding the breath, speaking on residual air, exhaling during stutter, speaking on inhalations, speakign without inhaling proper air, rapid and jerky breathing.

Back 25

Breathing abnormalities

Front 26

____: starting a word and switching to a synonym because the word was stuck, talking around a word or circumlocuting becasue the first sound won't start; using a word or phrase to help start a word ("starters" such as now..now..now..now..); saying "I don't know" or pretending to forget what something is called.

Back 26

Avoidances

Front 27

3 types of conditioning that can occur with stuttering:

Back 27

Operant, Classical, Avoidance

Front 28

The DSM 4 has some curious criteria for Stuttering (307.0):

Stuttering is the disturbance in the normal ____ and ____ of speech, characterized by frequent occurences of one or more of the following (8)

Back 28

Stuttering is the disturbance in the normal FLUENCY and TIME PATTERNING of speech, characterized by frequent occurences of one or more of the following:SOUND REPETITIONS, SYLLABLE REPETITIONS, SOUND PROLONGATIONS, INTERJECTIONS, BROKEN WORDS (PAUSES W/IN A WORD), BLOCKING (AUDIBLE OR SILENT), CIRCUMLOCUTIONS, EXCESS PHYSICAL TENSION, MONOSYLLABIC WHOLE-WORD REPETITIONS.

Front 29

True or False

In order to be classified as 307.0 Stuttering under the DSM-IV, the disturbance in fluency has to interfere with academic or occupational achievement or with social communication.

Back 29

True.

Front 30

Stuttering is considered a disorder of _____, with onset typically occuring between ____ years of age and rarely after the age of ___.

Back 30

Stuttering is considered a disorder of CHILDHOOD, with onset typically occuring between 2-6 years of age and rarely after the age of 12.

Front 31

____% of children who start to stutter will recover spontaneously, especially when behaviors develop prior to age ____.

Back 31

74%
Age 3

Front 32

True or False

Children whose stuttering behaviors relapse and return frequently often persist in stuttering.

Back 32

True

Front 33

What's the difference between prevalence and incidence?

Back 33

Prevalence is the number of people within a population who will exhibit a certain behavior or symptom at some point during their lives, incidence is the number of people who are currently exhibiting a behavior.

Front 34

Stuttering has a prevalence rate of ___ and an incidence rate of ___, which indicates what?

Back 34

Stuttering has a prevalence rate of 5% and an incidence rate of 1%, which indicates that about 5% of the population will exhibit stuttering behaviors at some point in their lives, and 1% are currently exhibiting stuttering behaviors.

Front 35

True or False

Stuttering runs in families: 1/3 of children who stutter have relatives who stutter.

Back 35

False!

Does run in families, but TWO-THIRDS of kids who stutter have family members who also stutter.

Front 36

True or False

Having a parent who stutters increases the risk, especially if the parent is the father (since boys persist in stuttering more than girls)

Back 36

False

Yes it does increase your risk if you have a parent who stutters, but it's more of a risk if the MOTHER stutters, AND yes, more boys do persist in stuttering.

Front 37

True or False

Certain personality patterns have been shown to contribute to stuttering behaviors.

Back 37

FALSE. FALSE. FALSE.

Though there is such a thing as psychogenic stuttering, it is NOT a personality disorder. Parents don't have certain behaviors and stutterers are not neurotic or maladjusted. BUT, people may exhibit lower self esteem or anxiety in response to stuttering. DIFFERENT PROBLEM.

Front 38

True or False

Throughout childhood, more boys stutter than girls.

Back 38

FALSE. More boys PERSIST in stuttering than girls.

Ratio at onset is 1:1
by 1st grade it's 3:1
by 5th grade it's 5:1

Front 39

Has new research shown that CWS are different temperamentally from their fluent peers (Karrass et al, 2006)? If so, how? If not, why not?

Back 39

Yes.
More reactive, less able to regulate emotions, gradual adaptation to change, difficulty shifting and refocusing attention and less rhythmic in daily/bodily functions.

Front 40

True or False
CWS are three times more likely to exhibit "true dissociation" across all speech language domains. (Anderson et al, 2005)

Back 40

True

Front 41

True or False

CWS are no more likely to have a negative attitude towards speech than their nonstuttering peers. These attitudes do not seem to be affected by gender or age.

Back 41

False.

While attitudes do not seem to be affected by gender and age, CWS reported a negative attitude toward speech than their nonstuttering peers.

Front 42

The stuttering concordance rate for identical twins is __-__%.

Back 42

30-80%

Front 43

True or False

Fraternal twins are no more likely to both stutter than ordinary siblings

Back 43

False

Identical twins more likely to both stutter than fraternal twins, fraternal twins more likely than ordinary siblings.

Front 44

Neural functioning for speech in PWS may be _______.

Back 44

inefficiently organized

Front 45

Neural functioning in PWS:

Reduced ____ hemisphere function; increased activity in the ______ hemisphere, especially in _____

Back 45

Reduced LEFT hemisphere functions; increased activity in the RIGHT hemisphere, especially in the SPEECH MOTOR AREA.

Front 46

Neural functioning in PWS:

Reduced activation in the ______ cortex; increased activation in the ________ area.

Back 46

Reduced activation in the AUDITORY cortex; increased activation in the SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR area.

Front 47

The supplementary motor area of the brain is involved in __________ and ________ (with regard to speech)

Back 47

The SMA is involved in directing hemispheric operations and regulating speech motor organization.

Front 48

Can neural functioning for motor speech patterns be trained to "go left"? When practice is discontinued, what happens?

Back 48

Yes.
The neurological patterns revert.

Front 49

True or False

PWS can alter L and R side neural activity at least temporarily with intensive behavioral therapy or fluency inducing conditions.

Back 49

True

Front 50

True or False

PWS may possess a structural abnormality in the primary motor speech region of the brain, though not in the regions primarly responsible for regulating language.

Back 50

False!

Any structural abnormality or lesion most likely involves regions which MODULATE speech and langauge, not the primary regions themselves.

Front 51

Preschoolers are more likely to stutter on ____ words

Back 51

function words

Front 52

What sorts of words are school-age children and adults more likely to stutter on? (7)

Back 52

1. content words
2. less frequently used words
3. longer words
4. first sound or syllable
5. consonants
6. first word in a clause or sentence
7. first word in a grammatical clause.

Front 53

What are four stimulus variables which can affect amount of stuttering?

Back 53

1. adaptation
2. consistency
3. adjacency
4. audience size

Front 54

True or false:

The onset and course of stuttering typically demonstrates a linear pattern with systematic progression towards increased severity.

Back 54

No.