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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hypothesis states that psychological and behaviorial differecnes between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of increaed socialization pressure to conform to masculine and feinine gender roles
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GENDER INTENSIFICATION HYPOTHESISThis
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A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
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SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES)
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Diseases that are contracted primarily through sexual contact. this contact is not limited to vaginal intercourse but includes oral-genital contact and anl-genital contact as well
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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs)
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A form of education that promotes social responsiblity and service to the community
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SERVICE LEARNING
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The prescence of a high degree of desirable feminine and maculine characteristics in the same individual
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ANDROGYNY
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A dimension of culture based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language
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ETHNICITY
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A tendency to favor one's own group over other groups
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ETHNOCENTRISM
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Cultural change that results from continuous, firsthand contact between two distinctive culural groups
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ACCULTURATION
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Ceremonies or rituals that mark an individual's transition from one status to another, such as the entry into adulthood
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RITES OF PASSAGE
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The fact that far more women than en live in poverty. Women's low income, divorce, and the resolution of divorce cases by the judical system, which leaves women with less money than they and their children need to adequately function, are the likely causes
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FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY
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An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of her or his membership in a group
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PREJUDICE
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The adolescent's cognitive representation of the self; the substance and content of the adolescent's self-conceptions
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SELF-UNDERSTANDING
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The factor that is manipulated in experimental research.
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
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(1) The absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group, which often means the loss of some of virtually all of the behavior and values of the ethnic minority group. (2) The incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
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ASSIMILIATION
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The factor that is measured in experimental research.
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE
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The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passsed on from generation to generation
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CULTURE
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Marica;s term for the state adolescents are in when they have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
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IDENTITY DIFFUSION
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What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming
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POSSIBLE SELF
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Erikson's fifth development stage, which occurs during adolescence. At this time, individuals are faced with deciding on who they are, what that are all about, and where they are going in life
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IDENTITY VERSUS IDENTITY CONFUSION
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Marica's term for the state of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, but who have not made a clear commitment to an identity
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IDENTITY MORATORIUM
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Erikson's term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of their identity exploration
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PSYCHOSOCIAL MORATORIUM
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Marica's term for an adolescent who has undergone a crisis and made a commitment
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IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT
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Domain-specific evaluations of the self
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SELF-CONCEPT
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An important element in adolescent identity development. It consists of two dimensions: mutuality, sensitivity to and respect for others' views; and permeability, openness to others' views
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CONNECTEDNESS
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The global evaluative dimension of the self; also referred to as self-woth or self-image
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SELF-ESTEEM
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An enduring, basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership
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ETHNIC IDENTITY
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Erikson's sixth development stage, which individuals experience during the early adulthood years. At this time, individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others
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INTIMACY VERSUS ISOLATION
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Occur when individuals turn problems inward. Examples include anxiety and depression
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INTERNALIZING PROBLEMS
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Occur when indivduals turn problems otward. An example is juvenile delunquency
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EXTERNALIZING PROBLEMS
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The second, or intermedimate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Interalization is intermediate. Individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standard of others (external), such as parents or the laws of society
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CONVENTIONAL REASONING
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The second, or intermedimate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Interalization is intermediate. Individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standard of others (external), such as parents or the laws of society
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CONVENTIONAL REASONING
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Marica's term for the state adolescents are in when they have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis
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IDENTITY FORECLOSURE
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The sociocultural and psychological dimensions of being male of female
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GENDER
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The highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Morality is completely internalized
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POSTCONVENTIONAL REASONING
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The lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The individual shows no internalization of moral values- moral reasoning is controlled by external rewards and punishment
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PRECONVENTIONAL REASONING
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A set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel
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GENDER ROLE
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This theory emphasizes that children's and adolescents' gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior, and through rewards and punishments they experience for gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior
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SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY OF GENDER
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In this view, children's gender-typing occurs after they have developed a concept of gender. Once they begin to consistently conceive of themselves as male or female, children often organize their world on the basis of gender
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY OF GENDER
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A cognitive structure that organizes the world in terms of male and female
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GENDER SCHEMA
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According to this theory, an individual's attentionand behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to gender-based sociocultural standards and stereotypes
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GENDER SCHEMA THEORY
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Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males
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GENDER STEREOTYPES
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Prejudice and discrimination against an individual becasue of her or his sex
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SEXISM
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A mental concept of framework that is useful in organizing and interpreting information
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SCHEMA
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The language of conversation, establishing connections, and negotiating relationships
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RAPPORT TALK
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Sexual harassment in which students are subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct that is so severe, persisten, or pervasive that it limits the students' ability to benefit from their education
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HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT SEXUAL HARASSMENT
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Sexual harassment in which a school employee threatens to base an educational decision (such as a grade) on a student's submission to unwelcome conduct
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QUID PRO QUO SEXUAL HARASSMENT
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The belief that, when an individual's competence is at issue, it should be conceptualized not on the basis of masculinity, femininity, or androgyny but, rather, on a person basis
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GENDER-ROLE TRANSCENDENCE
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The first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, occurring at 7 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people
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HETERONOMOUS MORALITY
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Hoffman's theory that adolescence is an important period in moral development, in which, because of broader experiences associated with the move to high school or college, individuals recognize that their set of beliefs isbut one of many and that there is considerable debate about what is right and wrong
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COGNITIVE DISEQUILIBRIUM THEORY SECURE
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The theory that distingusihes between moral competence (the ability to produce moral behaviors and moral performance (performing those behaviors to specific situations)
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SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
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Reported to be one of the most common STIs in the United States, this sexually transmitted infection is caused by a bacterium called Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which thrives in the moist mucous membranes lining the mouth, throat, vagina, cervix, urethra, and anal tract. This disease is commonly called the "drip" or the "clap"
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GONORRHEA
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A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum a spirochete
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SYPHILIS
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One of the most common sexually transmitted infections, named for chlamydia trachomatis, an organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes
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CHLAMYDIA
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A sexually transmitted infection caused by a large family of viruses of different strains. These strains produce other, non-sexually transmitted diseases such as chicken pox and mononucleosis
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GENTIAL HERPES
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Acquired immune deficency syndrome, a primarily sexually transmitted infection cuased by the HIV virus, which destroys the boy's immue system
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AIDS
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Foricle sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent
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RAPE
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Coerive sexual activity directed at someone whom the perpetrator knows
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DATE, OR ACQUAINTANCE RAPE
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The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
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SELF-EFFICACY
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Talk that gives information; public speaking is an example
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REPORT TALK
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Performed by youths under a specified age, these are juvenile offenses that are not as serious as index offenses. These offenses may include such acts as drinking under age, truancy, and sexual promiscuity
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STATUS OFFENSE
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Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
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MORAL DEVELOPMENT
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The second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, displayed by older childen (about 10 years of age and older). The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one shoud consider that actors intentions as well as the consequences
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AUTONOMOUS MORALITY
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Piaget's concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately
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IMMANENT JUSTICE
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The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
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CARE PERSPECTIVE
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The developmental change from behavior that is externally controlled to behavior that is controlled by internal standards and principles
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INTERALIZATION
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A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions
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JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE
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A stereotyped pattern of role prescriptions for how individuals should sexually behave. Females and males have been socialized to follow different sexual scripts
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SEXUAL SCRIPT
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The component of the superego that involves ideal standards approved by parents
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EGO IDEAL
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A discipline technique in which a parent removes attention or love from a child
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LOVE WITHDRAWAL
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A discipline technique in which a parent attempts to gain control over a child or a child's resources
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POWER ASSERTION
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A discipline technique in which a parent use reason and explanation of the consequences for others of a child's actions
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INDUCTION
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The pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes schools
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HIDDEN CURRICULUM
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A direct moral education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior or doing harm to themselves or others
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CHARACTER EDUCATION
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External motivatational factors such as rewards and punishments
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EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
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An educational approach that focuses on helping people clarify what is important to them, what is worth working for, and what purpose their ives are to serve. Students are encouraged to define ther own values and understand others' values
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VALUES CLARIFICATION
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Internal motivational factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort
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INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
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An approach based on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops; Kolhberg's theory has been the basis for many of the cognitive moral education approaches
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COGNITIVE MORAL EDUCATION
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The psychiartic diagnostic category for the occrrence of multiple delinquent ativites over a six-month period. These behaviors include truancy, running away, fire setting, cruelt to animals, breaking and entering, and excessive fighting
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CONDUCT DISORDER
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An outlook in which individuals focus on the task rather than on ther ability, have positive affect, and generate solution-oriented strategies that improve their performance
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MASTERY ORIENTATION
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An outlook in which indivudals focus on their personal inadequacies, often attribute their difficutly to a lack of ability, and display negative affect (including boredom and anxiety). This orientation undermines performance
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HELPLESS ORIENTATION
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An outlook in which individuals are concerned with performance outcome rather than perfomance process. For perfomance-oriented students, winning to is what matters
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PERFORMANCE ORIENTATION
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The diagnosis when an individual experiences a ajor depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and depression, for two weeks or longer and daily functioning becomes impaired
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MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
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