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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What type of drug is a chemical substance that destroys pathogenic microorganisms with minimal damage to the host?
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antimicrobial drug
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What concept did Paul Ehrlich develop?
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Paul Ehrlich developed the concept of chemotherapy.
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What did Paul Ehrlich predict chemotherapy would do?
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Ehrlich predicted that chemotherapy would kill pathogens without harming the host.
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Who discovered the first antibotic, penicillin?
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Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibotic
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Are prokaryotic cells more difficult to treat than eukaryotic?
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False, Eukaryotic cells [Fungal, protozoan, and heminthic] are more difficult to treat.
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Which type of drug affects only a select group of microbes?
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Narrow Spectrum drug affects only a select group of microbes [gram positive cells]
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Which type of drug affects a more diverse range of microbes?
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Broad-spectrum drugs affect a more diverse range of microbes
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What can affect gram-negative cells?
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small, hydrophilic drugs can affect gram-negative drugs
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Superinfection occurs in 2 ways, what are they?
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Superinfection occurs when
1. A pathogen develops resistance to the drug being used 2. Normally resistant microbiota multiply excessively |
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What two ways does antimicrobial drugs take action?
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Anitmicrobial drugs take action by:
1. directly killing microorganism [bactericidal] 2.inhibiting their growth [bacteriostatic] |
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True or False. Antimicrobial drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis in bacteria.
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True. Some agents, such as penicillin, inhibit cell wall synthesis in bacteria.
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How do some antimicrobial agents inhibit protein synthesis?
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Some agents, such as chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, and streptomycin, inhibit protein synthesis by acting on 70S ribosomes.
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Think about what protein's synthesize.
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What type of antimicrobial agents target plasma membrane?
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Antifungal agents target plasma membrane
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What are some things that antimicrobial drugs can inhibit?
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1. growth
2. cell wall synthesis 3. protein synthesis 4. plasma membranes 5. nucleic acid synthesis 6. enzyme activity |
There are 6 things that antimicrobial drugs inhibit.
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What do all penicillins contain?
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B-lactam ring
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B stands for Beta
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What is the key to function for a Beta lactam ring?
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CH-CH
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Its a Diagram
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There are three types of Antibacterial Antibiotics which inhibit cell wall synthesis. What are they?
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The three types of antibacterial antibiotics are:
1. Natural Penicillin 2. Semisynthetic penicillin 3. Extended spectrum |
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What are natural penicillins effective against?
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Natural penicillins produced by Penicillium are effective against gram-positive cocci and spirochetes
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What do Penicillinases destroy?
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Penicillinases [B-lactamases] are bacterial enzymes that destroy natural penicillins.
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Penicilases inactivates penicillin and increases resistance to antibiotic
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How are semi-synthetic penicillin made?
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Semi synthetic penicillin are made in the lab by adding different side chains onto the B-lactam ring made by fungus
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What are semi-synthetic penicillin resistant to?
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Semi-synthetic penicillin are resistant to penicillinases
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True or False. Semi-synthetic penicillin have a narrower spectrum of activity than natural penicillin.
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False. Semi-synthetic penicillin have a BROADER spectrum of activity than natural penicillin.
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What is an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis?
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Cephalosporin is an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
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In cephalosporin, there are how many generations?
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There are four generations of cephalosporin.
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Which generation of Cephalosporin is narrow spectrum, gram positive?
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First Generation cephalosporin is narrow spectrum and gram positive
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Which generation of Cephalosporin includes psuedomonads and is injected?
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Third generation cephalosporin includes psuedomonads and is injected.
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Which generation of Cephalosporin is oral?
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Fourth generation of cephalosporin is oral.
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Which generation of Cephalosporin is extended spectrum and includes gram-negative?
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Second generation is extended spectrum and includes gram-negative.
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Draw the inhibition of protein synthesis and describe what is happening.
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Look on PAINT.
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What is the Broth dilusion test?
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In a broth dilusion test, the microorganism is grown in a liquid media containing different concentrations of a chemotherapeutic agent.
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What are the 7 layers of cells on the epidermis called?
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epithelial cells
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What does the stratum corneum contain?
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The stratum corneum contains keratin
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What is the hard waterproof skin called?
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keratin
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Can you find more bacteria under the armpits or the scalp? Why?
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More bacteria can be found in the armpit. Bacteria tend to live in moisture areas.
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What type of tissue does the dermis contain?
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The dermis contains connective tissue.
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What does the dermis contain which provides passageways for microorganisms?
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The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat ducts, and oil glands which provide passageways for microorganisms.
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Name 2 secretions of the skin that inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
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Sebum and perspiration are secretions of the skin that inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
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What does sebum and perspiration provide for some microorganisms?
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Sebum and perspiration provide nutrients for some microorganisms.
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Microorganisms that live on the skin are resistant to what?
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Desication and high salt concentrations
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What predominates on the skin?
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gram positive cocci predominates on the skin
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Name 5 different types of lesions.
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The different types of lesions are:
1. Vesicle 2. Bullae 3. Macules 4. Papules 5. Pustules |
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Which lesion is flat and red?
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Macules
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Which lesion is raised?
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Papules
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Which lesion has small fluid filled?
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Vesicle
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Which lesion is a vesicle larger than 1 cm?
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Bullae
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Which lesion is raised containing pus?
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Pustules
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What are gram positive cocci that often grow in clusters?
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Staphylococci
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What do almost all pathogenic strains of S. Aureus produce?
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Coagulese
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How do localized infections occur?
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Localized infections result from S. aureus enters openings in the skin
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Name 3 localized infections.
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Sty, pimple and carbuncles
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Which skin infection is highly contagious and caused by S. Aureus?
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Impetigo is a skin infection that is highly contagious and cause by S. Aureus
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How are streptococci classified?
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Streptococci is classified as hemolytic enzymes and cell wall antigens
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What causes inflammatory acne?
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metabolic end-products [fatty acids]
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What causes skin cells to proliferate and produce a benign growth called wart?
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Papillomaviruses cause skin cells to proliferate and produce a benign growth
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What is another name for wart?
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Papilloma is another name for wart.
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How are warts spread?
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Warts are spread by direct contact.
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What are two types of skin infection variola?
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Variola major and minor
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How is smallpox spread?
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Smallpox is spread through respiratory route.
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Who is the only host for smallpox?
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Humans are the only host for smallpox.
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What are complications of chickenpox?
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Encephalitis and Reye syndrome are the complications of chickenpox.
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Herpes simplex infection of mucosal cells result in what?
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Cold sores and encephalitis are the result of herpes simplex infection.
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When does herpes encephalitis occur?
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When herpes simplex affects the brain herpes encephalitis occurs
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What has proven to treat herpes encephalitis?
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Acyclovir has proven to treat herpes encephalitis
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What are some complications of measles?
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middle ear infections, encephalitis, pneumonia are some complications of measles
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What might an infected individual with Rubella experience?
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An infected individual with Rubella will experience red rash and light fever
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What does damage from the congential rubella syndrome include?
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Damage from congenital rubella syndrome includes eye cataracts, deaf, still birth, mental retardation
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Fungi that colonizes the outer layer of the epidermis causes what?
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Dermatomycoses is what forms when fungi that colonizes the outer layer of the epidermis
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What does the cardiovascular system make up?
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heart, blood and blood vessels
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What is part of the lymphatic system?
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The lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels and lymphoid vessels are part of the lymphatic system.
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What circulates substances to and from the tissue cells?
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The heart circulates substances to and from the tissue cells.
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True or False. Plasma transports dissolved substances.
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True.
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What are interstial fluid that enters lymph capillaries called?
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Lymph is interstial fluid that enters lymph capillaries.
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What kind of vessels return lymph to blood?
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Lymphatics are vessels that return lymph to blood.
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What three things do lymph nodes contain?
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Macrophages, B cells, and T cells are included in the lymph.
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What can Gram negative sepsis lead to?
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Septic shock
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In septic shock what causes the symptoms?
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Endotoxins are the cause of symptoms in septic shock.
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Define septicemia.
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Toxins in the blood.
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Definition is systemic inflammatory response.
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Clinical Sepsis
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Inflammation of the endocardium [inner layer of the heart]
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Endocarditis
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What is the inner layer of the heart called?
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Endocardium
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What is subacute bacterial endocarditis usually caused by?
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Alpha-hemolytic cocci from the mouth
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What is acute bacterial endocarditis usually caused by?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Inflammation of heart valves
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Rheumatic Fever
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What type of plague: Bacterial growth in blood and lymph?
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Bubonic plague
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What type of plague: Septic Shock
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Septicemia plague
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What type of plague: Bacteria in the lungs
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Pneumonic plague
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What are the three phases of infection in lyme disease?
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1. Bulls eye Rash
2. Irregular heartbeat, encephalitis 3. Arthritis |
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Soft tissue death due to ischemia [loss of blood supply]
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Gangrene
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The upper respiratory system:
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nose, throat, middle ear, eustachian tubes
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The lower respiratory system:
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Larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli, pleura
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Upper Respiratory Diseases:
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Pharyngitis
Laryngitis Tonsilitis Sinusitis Epiglottis |
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Lower Respiratory Diseases:
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Bronchitis
Bronchioitis Pneumonia |
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What type of infection occurs as a complication of chicken pox, influenza, measles?
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Viral Pneumonia
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Hemagglutin and Neuramindase.
Which spike is used for attachment to the host in the influenza virus? |
Hemagglutin spike.
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Hemagglutin and Neuramindase.
Which spike is used to release virus from cell? |
Neuramindase spike
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inflammation of the liver
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Hepatitis
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Urinary system:
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kIdneys, ureters, urinary bladder, uretha
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Female Urinary System: Predisposition for infection?
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Short urethra
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Female Reproductive System:
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Ovaries, Uterian, fallopian tubes
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Inflammation of the urinary bladder:
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Cystitis
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Inflammation of the urinary bladder
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Urtheritis
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Inflammation of one or both kidneys
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Pyelonephritis
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Name four ways a virus is transmitted.
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Contamination:
food environment blood borne sneezing coughing tick STD |
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