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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the nervous system
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sensory, integrative, motor
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sensory
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senses changes in the internal and external environment
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integrative
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analyzes and stores data, decides which stimuli are important
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motor
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responds to stimuli through muscular contractions or glandular stimuli
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central nervous system
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brain lies above the foramen magnum. spinal cord-below
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peripheral nervous system
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cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves
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neuron
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nerve cell. dendrites, cell body (soma), axon. many axons make up a nerve
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dendrite
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input to a neuron, branched processes emerging from cell body. several dendrites per neuron.
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function of dendrite
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conduct nerve impulses toward cell body, relay info from external environment
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axon
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long, thin, cylindrical process, joins body at axon-hillock, communicates with others via axon terminals
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function of the axon
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Transmit nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands
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synapses
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junction between 2 neurons or between neuron and effector (muscle or gland)
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axon terminals
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synaptic end bulb: synaptic vesicle, neurotransmitter
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myelination
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myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier
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myelin sheath
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Multilayered, segmented lipid covering, electrically insulates axon, increases nerve conduction velocity, formed by schwann cells
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nodes of ranvier
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narrow gaps in myelin sheaths between adjacent schwann cells.
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functional classification of neurons
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afferent sensory neurons, efferent motor neurons, interneurons (association neurons)
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afferent (sensory) neurons
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transmit impulses from sensors in the skin, sense organs, muscles, joints and viscera toward the CNS
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Efferent (motor) neurons
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transmit impulses from CNS to effectors
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interneurons
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not specifically motor or sensory, communication links, ~90% of all neurons
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spinal cord and spinal nerves
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protection: vertebral column, meninges, fat layer, cerebrosal fluid
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meninges
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dura matter (outer), arachnoid matter (middle), pia (inner)
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dura matter
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"tough mother", outermost layer containing many blood vessels & nerves.
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epidural space
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between dura matter and vertebral column. contains fat layer
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arachnoid matter
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"spider mother". thin, middle of connective tissue, avascular, subdural space: btwn arachnoid and dura
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pia matter
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"little mother". highly vascular inner layer, provides nutrients and oxygen, subarachnoid space: contains cerebrospinal fluid
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denticulate ligaments
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extension of pia matter, suspend spinal cord in dural sheath, protects cord from shock and displacement
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cerebrospinal fluid
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circulates through the subarachnoid space. Clear, colorless
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what is in the cerebrospinal fluid
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glucose, proteins, lactic acid, electrolytes, lymphocytes
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function of the cerebrospinal fluid
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mechanical and chemical protection, circulates nutrients and waste
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mechanical protection
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shock absorber between the spinal cord and vertebrae, buoys brain in the cranial cavity
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chemical protection
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ionic concentration allows optimal nerve conduction
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circulates nutrients and waste
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nutrient and waste exchange
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spinal cord
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cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement, conus medullaris, cauda equina, filum terminale
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cervical enlargement
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brachialis plexus, nervous supply to the upper extermity
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lumbar enlargement
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lumbar plexus, nervous supply to the lower extremity
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conus medullaris
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conical portion between first and second lumbar vertebrae
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cauda equina
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"horse tail"
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filum terminale
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extension of pia matter that anchors spinal cord to coccyx
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regions of the spinal cord
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gray matter and white matter
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gray matter
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receives and integrates info (spinal reflexes), interneurons and motor neurons
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white matter
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myelinated axons of motor and sensory neurons.
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in white matter what are the 3 major columns containing bundles of nerve fibers called "tracts"
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post funiculi: main sensory tract, ant funiculi: motor, pain/temp, sensory
lateral funiculi: motor, pain/temp, sensory |
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reflex
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response to stimuli designed to maintain normal activity
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necessary components
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receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector
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reflex arc
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monosynaptic arc, polysnaptic arc
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monosynaptic arc
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sensory neuron sends message directly to motor neuron. ex: knee jerk
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polysnaptic arc
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one or more interneurons involved. ex: withdrawal reflex
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spinal nerves
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connect cns to pns, 31 pairs, pass through the invertebral foramen,
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central nervous system
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brain: lies above the foramen magnum. spinal cord: lies below the foramen magnum
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peripheral nervous system
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cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves
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regions of the brain
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brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, cerebellum
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brain stem
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midbrain, pons, medulla oblongada.
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medulla oblangada
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cardiovascular system, respiratory system, coordination of swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, coughing, origin of various cranial nerves
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pons
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rounded bulge on underside of brain stem, separates midbrain from medulla, origin of various cranial nerves,respiratory centers
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diencephalon
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thalamus, hypothalmus
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thalamus
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relay center for sensory info in cerebral cortex, crude sensation for pain/temp and pressure, precise location limited to communication with cerebral cortex
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hypothalamus
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maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities and by linking nervous with endocrine system regulates: emotion, hunger, body temp and ANS
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ANS
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gland secretions, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, water and electrolyte balance
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cerebrum
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largest part of the mature brain, provides higher brain functions
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cerebral functions
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controls higher brain functions: interpreting sensory impulses, initiating muscle movements, storing memory, reasoning, intelligence
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cerebral lobes
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1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital
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Frontal lobe
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Precentral gyrus
Primary motor area Frontal eye field area Motor speech area (Broca’s area) |
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parietal lobe
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Postcentral Gyrus (a.k.a. primary somatosensory area)
temp pain pressure touch |
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temporal lobes
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association areas, sensory areas
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association areas
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Interpret sensory experiences, Remember visual scenes, music and other complex sensory patterns, Wernike’s area, Understanding speech, Differentiation of speech, music, and noise
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sensory areas
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responsible for hearing, pitch and rhythm
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occipital lobe
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association and sensory areas
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association
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combine visual images with other sensory experiences
relates present to past visual experiences with recognition and evaluation of what is seen |
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sensory
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Primary Visual Area
Detects shape, color, movement |
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cerebral hemisphere dominance: Left hemisphere
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Language
Numerical/scientific skills Sign language Reasoning |
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Cerebral hemisphere dominance: Right hemisphere
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Musical/artistic awareness
Space/pattern perception Imagination Mental images of sight, sound, touch, taste, smell for comparison |
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cerebellum
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vermis: centrally constricted area, hemispheres: ant/post lobes
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cerebellum
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Comparison of intended motion and actual events
Sensory input to cerebellum integrated and sent to cerebral cortex for correction Inhibition or stimulation Results in coordination of movement No direct connection to motorneurons Regulation of posture and balance |
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cranial nerves
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12 pairs: most are mixed (sensory and motor), perform specialized functions
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2 divisions of PNS
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somatic nervous system, peripheral nervous system
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somatic
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voluntary, connections to the skeletal muscle only
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somatic
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voluntary, connections to the skeletal muscle only
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autonomic
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involuntary, connections to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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PNS
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afferent (sensory) neurons, efferent (motor) neurons, association (interneurons), autonomic motor neurons (efferent)
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afferent
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going to the CNS
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efferent
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going away from the CNS
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association
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neither sensory or motor, forms a link btwn neurons, carries impulses from sensory to motor
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autonomic motor
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involuntary info to smooth muscle: digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, integumentary
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ANS
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regulates actions by either exciting or inhibiting their effector side: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, gland
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ANS Responses
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changes in pupil size
accommodation for near vision dilation of blood vessels adjust rate and force of heart beat movements of GI tract secretion of most glands |
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2 divisions of ANS
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parasympathetic, sympathetic
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dual innervation
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one division stimulates the organ to start to increase activity while the other inhibits
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sympathetic
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prepares body for emergency situations, flight or fight, visualize body changes that occur: embarrassed, frightened, exercise
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parasympathetic
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Regulates actions that conserve and restore body energy during times of rest and recovery, "energy conservation and restoration"
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2 systems coordinate all other systems
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NS(nerve impulses), ES(hormones, blood and interstitial fluid)
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exocrine glands
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"out" secretes fluid via ducts in the body cavities, via lumen into organs, or outer body surface.
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types of exocrine glands
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Sudoriferous (sweat)
Sebaceous (oil) Mucous Digestive |
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endocrine glands
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Secrete hormones into the extracellular space where they diffuse into the blood, not into ducts
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hormones
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>50 types, only affects target cells, output controlled by NS, amount released dependent on need.
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functions of hormones
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help regulate:Composition & volume of interstitial fluid
Metabolism & energy balance Biological clock (circadian rhythm) Smooth & cardiac muscle contraction Glandular secretions Some immune system activities Control growth & development Contribute to reproductive processes |
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pituitary gland
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"master gland", secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands, controlled by hypothalamus
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2 main portions
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ant pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), post pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
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anterior pituitary gland
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75% of total mass
Synthesizes, stores & secretes hormones Some are tropic hormones (tropins) Influence other endocrine glands |
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posterior pituitary gland
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Stores & secretes hormones
Receives nerve impulses from hypothalamus |
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other portions
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infundibulum, pars intermedia, sella turcica
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thyroid gland
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inf to larynx, "butterfly" shaped, lateral lobes, isthmus: connects lobes, highly vascular
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thyroid glands hormones
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T3 = triiodothyronine & T4 = thyroxine
Oxygen & basal metabolic rate Cellular metabolism Growth & development |
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parathyroid glands
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Attached to post surface of lateral lobes of thyroid
Small, round masses 2 parathyroid glands per lateral lobe Superior & Inferior parathyroids |
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2 types of cells: parathryroid glands
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Principal cells parathyroid hormone (PTH) (aka: parathormone)
oxyphil cells: function unknown |
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adrenal glands: 2 regions
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Adrenal cortex:80-90% of total mass, Outer portion
Adrenal medulla:Inner portion, |
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pancreas
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both endocrine and exocrine. 3 sections: head, body, tail
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pineal gland
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secretes melatonin: promotes sleepiness, plays a role in biological clock
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thymus
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development of immune cells
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ovaries
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estrogen and progesterone production, relaxin
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testes
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testosterone production: sperm production, masculine characteristics
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gastrointestinal tract
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Communication b/w parts of digestive system
Food in duodenum -hormonal release-gall bladder contraction & production of bile in liver |
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kidneys
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Erythropoeitin (EPO)-RBC volume in blood
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placenta (several hormones)
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maintain fetal health and prepare mother for birth
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dwarfism
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(pituitary gland) hypo-secretion of hGH-premature closure of epiphyseal plates
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giantism- pituitary
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hyper-secretion of hGH during childhood. abnormal long bones
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acromegaly-pituitary
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hyper-secretion of hGH during adulthood, thickening of bones. unable to lengthen due to closed epiphyseal plates
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cretinism- thyroid
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hypo-secretion of thyroid hormones during fetal life or infancy-skeleton and brain fails to grow
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graves disease
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hyper-secretion of thyroid hormones-continual growth of thyroid gland, more common in females,
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diabetes mellitus
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pancreas: instability to produce or use insulin, type I, type II
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2 body membranes
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epithelial membranes, connective tissue membranes
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3 types of epithelial membranes
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cutaneous, mucous, serous
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cutaneous membrane
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skin
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mucous membrane
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lines body cavities that open directly to exterior, epithelium resisting on loose connective tissue, function: defense, prevents cavities from drying out, lubricates GI tract
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Serous Membrane
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lines body cavities closed to ext and covers organs with cavities
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2 layers of serous membranes
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parietal: attached to cavity wall, folds over visceral. visceral: covers and attaches organs w/in cavity. both secret serous fluid
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locations of serous membranes
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peritoneum: abd cavity and organs, pleura: lungs, pericardium: heart cavity and heart
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connective tissue membrane: synovial membrane
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fibrous connective tissue (no epithelial cells), lines cavities of freely moving joints, surrounds tendons or form sacs
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function of synovial membrane
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secretes synovial fluid that lubricates bones and provides nutrients, bursa: cushioning and lurbication btwn tendons and bones
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components of integumentary system
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skin= cutaneous, accessory structures: sweat glands, oil glands, hairs, nails, and sensory structures
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basic skin functions
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protection, regulate body temperature, excretion, synthesizes vitamin d, blood reservoir
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protective functions of skin
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mechanical/chemical damage, bacterial, UV radiation, thermal damage, desiccation
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structure of the skin
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epidermis (superficial, thinner, avascular), dermis, subcutaneous
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epidermis
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keratinocytes: produces keratine, toughens and waterproofs skin, melanocytes: produces melanin, provides pigment, absorbs UV, langerhans: come from bone marrow, interact with WBC's helper cells, merkel: touch
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Layers of epidermis from superficial to deep
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stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
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stratum basale
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single cell layer: 4 types in epidermis, continuous cell division as cells move from deep up
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stratum spinosum
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8-10 layers, mainly keratinocyes, some melocyes, tightly packed, spine-like projections
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stratum granulosum
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3-5 layers, flattened keratinocyes, various stages of degeneration, ganules develop in keratinocyes: produce lipid-rich secretion, transition metabolically active deep- dead
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stratum lucidum
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3-5 layers, clear, flat, dead. not always present: palms and soles of feet
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stratum corneum
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20-30 layers, flat & dead, rub & flake, greatest amount of keratin, outer layer
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skin coloration: melanin
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pigment yellow-brown-black, produced by melanocytes, protects against damaging UV rays
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skin coloration: depends on 3 things
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amount and type of melanin, amount of carotene in stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue, amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
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dermis
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bodies hide, connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.
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2 layers of dermis
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paipillary (superficial), reticular (deep), thickness varies throughout body
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collagen fiber responsibility
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found throughout dermis, responsible for toughness of dermis, attracts and binds to water- skin hydration
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elastic fiber responsibility
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provides elasticity to skin, aging: lower collagen and elastic fibers-skin less elastic- skin begins to sag and wrinkle
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papillary layer
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contacts stratum basale: outer, contains dermal papillae, contain Meissner's Corpuscles
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dermal papillae
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fprojections indenting into epidermis, up surface area of papillary up vascular supply, ridges cause fingerprints
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reticular layer
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deepest: 4/5 dermis thickness, composed of elastin and collagen, bound to underlying organs, bone, or muscle viathe superficial fascia
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what does the reticular layer contain
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blood vessels, glands (sweat and oil), pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure)
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skin appendages
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includes cutaneous glands, hair, hair follicles, and nails. each arise from the epidermis play role in homeostasis
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glands
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exocrine, sudoiferous glands, sebaceous glands
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exocrine
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located in skin: sebaceous (oil), sudoriferous (sweat), ceruminous (ear wax), release secretions via ducts
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sudoriferous glands
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eccrine, apocrine
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eccrine
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more numerous, mix of water, salt, & metabolic waste, sweat reaches surface through pores, regulate heat
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apocrin
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confined to axillary and genital areas, fatty acid and proteins, secretions for eccrine glands, begins after puberty, increased during emotional stress, min role of thermoregulation
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sebaceous
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secrete sebum: mix of oily substances & fragmented cells, keep skin/hair soft/hydrated, acne: infection of sebaceous pimples: whitehead:seb blocked, blackhead: whitehead dries
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