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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Synarthroisis
(synarthrodial) |
Immovable
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Amphiarthroisis
(amphiarthrodial) |
slightly moveable
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Diarthrosis
(diarthrodia) |
Freely Movable
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Fibrous
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Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue. No joint capsule exists
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Cartilaginous
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Bones held together by tightly connected cartilage
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Synovial
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Space between articulating bones
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When can synovial joints have problems
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When there is inflammation, loss of space
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Syndesmosis
(amphiarthrosis) |
ligaments or interosseous membranes connect. Fibrous Joint
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Suture
(Synarthrosis) |
Less fibrous connective tissue- tighter fit. Fibrous Joint.
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Gomphosis
(Synarthrosis) |
"to bolt together"
Fibrous Joint |
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Syncondrosis
(Synarthrosis) |
Connecting material is hyaline cartilage. Cartilaginous Joint
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Symphysis
(Synarthrosis) |
Broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage. Cartilaginous Joint
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Articular Cartilage
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Hyaline cartilage doesn't contain blood vessels or nerves. Synovial Joint
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Articular Capsule
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Fibrous Capsule (outer layer), Synovial Membrane (inner layer
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Fibrous Capsule
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dense irregular connective tissue that allows for movement but prevents dislocation. Parallel bundles form ligaments
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Synovial membrane
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secretes synovial fluid which fills the cavity to nourish and lubricate joint and joint structures
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Uniaxial
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Hinge, Pivot
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Biaxial
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Condyloid, Ellipsoid, Saddle
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Triaxial
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Ball and socket
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Nonaxial
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Plane (gliding)
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hinge (ginglymus)
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Convex section into concave. Flex/ext only. ex: elbow
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Pivot (trochoid)
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move around longitudinal axis. rounding process articulate with sleeve or ring. rotational
ex: proximal radioulnar or atas/axis |
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condyloid
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oval shaped body fits into elliptical cavity
ex: metacarpophalangeal |
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ellipsoid
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ex: radiocarpal
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saddle
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modified condyloid, provides more movement. Flex/ex, abd/add, circumduction.
ex: thumb or patellofemoral |
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Ball and socket
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greatest movement. flex/ext, abd/add, circumduction, IR/ER.
ex: shoulder, hip |
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plane
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basically uniaxial. flat surfaces. side to side back and forth, no rotation
ex: intercarpals, AC joint |
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intrinsic
(intracapsular) |
within joint capsule, excluded from synovial cavity by synovial membrane
ex: ACL |
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extrinsic
(extracapsular) |
outside joint capsule
ex:LCL |
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shoulder region joints
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glenohumeral
sternoclavicular acromioclavicular scapulo-thoracic articulation |
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glenohumeral
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true shoulder joint, ball=humeral head, socket=glenoid fossa
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coracohumeral
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ligament of glenohumeral, coracoid to greater tubercle
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3 GH bands
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ligament of GH, thickening of articular capsule
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transverse humeral
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ligament of GH, greater and lesser tubercle
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movements of GH
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sacrifices stability for mobility: flex/ext,abd/add,med/lat rot, circumduction
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sternoclavicular joint
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double gliding motion, saddle like (med/lat, ant/post)
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ligaments of sternoclavicular
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anterior SC, posterior SC, interclavicular, costclavicular
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movements of sternoclavicular
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protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, forward/backward rotation
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acromioclavicular joint
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synovial joint-plane or gliding
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ligaments of acromioclavicular
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coracoracromial, acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular(coronoid, trapezoid)
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movements of acromioclavicular
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gliding, forward/backward rotation
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ac sprain
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separated shoulder
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scapulo-thoracic articulation
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over poste-lateral aspects of thorax. ribs 2-7, glides over thoracic wall
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stability of scapulo-thoracic articulation
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clavicular support (AC), muscular support
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movements of scapulo-thoracic
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protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, upward/downward rotation
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joints of elbow region
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humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar
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humeroulnar
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true elbow. synovial (hinge), trochlea(humerus), trochlear notch (ulna)
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ligaments of humeroulnar
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ulnar collateral ligament
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movements of humeroulnar
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flex/ext
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humeroradial
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capitulum(humerus), radial head( radius)
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ligaments of humeroradial
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radial collateral ligament
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movements of humeroradial
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no "true" movement
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proximal radioulnar joint
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synovial (pivot), radial head (radius), radial notch (ulna)
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ligaments of proximal radioulnar
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annular ligament
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movements of proximal radioulnar
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supination/pronation
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valgus
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lateral deviation of the distal segment
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varus
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medial deviation of the distal segment
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radialcarpal joint
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(condyloid, ellipsoid) flex/ext, abd/add, circumduction
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distal radioulnar
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(pivot) sup/pro
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intercarpal
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gliding
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carpometacarpal joint
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(gliding)1st CMC joint (trapezium/1st metacarpal) saddle (modified condyloid); 2 axes
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metacarpophalangeal joint
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(condyloid), knuckles, flex/ext,abd/add
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interphalangeal joint
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(hinge), proximal distal in fingers, flex/ext
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ligaments of wrist/hand: extrinsic
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attaching between carpal bones and radius or metacarpals; ulnar collateral, radial collateral
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ligaments of wrist/hand: intrinsic
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originating/inserting on the metacarpals/carpals; radial/ulnar collateral, MCP, PIP,DIP
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temporomandibular
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synovial-ellipsoid, condylar process and mandibular fossa
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movements of temporomandibular
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depression, elevation, protraction, retraction
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hip joints
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hip joint proper, sacroiliac, pubic symphysis
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hip joint proper
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synovial joint (ball and socket), head of femur-acetabulum
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Iliofemoral
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ligament of hip proper. AIIS to intertrochanteric line
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Pubofemoral
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ligament of hip proper. Pubic portion of acetabular rim to neck of femur
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Ischiofemoral
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ligament of the hip proper. Ischial portion of acetabulum to neck of femur
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Ligament of head of femur
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ligament of the hip proper. Triangular band from fossa in acetabulum to fovea capitis. "Capitate Ligament” or “Ligamentum Teres”
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movement of hip proper
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stability: flex/ext, abd/add, med/lat rot, circumduction
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sacroiliac joint
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synovial (gliding)
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ligaments of the sacroiliac
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Anterior Sacroiliac
Posterior Sacroiliac Sacrotuberous Sascrospinous (Ischial spine) |
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movements of sacroiliac
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limited but does occur, mainly gliding
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pubic symphysis
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cartilagenous-symphysis, fibrocartilagenous disc
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ligaments of pubic symphysis
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superior pubic(btwn pubic crest), arcuate pubic(btwn inf pubic rami)
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knee joint
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tibiofemoral, patellofemoral, proximal tibiofibular
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tibiofemoral
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true knee, synovial (modified hinge), femoral condyles-tibial condyles
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patellar ligament
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ligament of tibiofemoral. central portion of the patellar tendon,
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medial collateral ligament
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extrascapular. ig of tibiofemoral. deep portion continuous with capsule, gives slips to medial meniscus
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lateral collateral ligament (fibular)
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lig of tibiofemoral. extrascapular. cordlike
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anterior cruciate ligament
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lig of tibiofemoral. ant tibial attachment, anteromedial to posterolateral. intrascapular
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posterior cruciate ligament
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lig of tibiofemoral. intrascapular. post tibial attachment, posterolater, anteromedial
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tibiofemoral joint
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meniscus: fibrocartilagenous disc
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Menisci of tibiofemoral joint
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shock absorbers, provide stability, compensate for lack of geometric congruity, move with tibia in flex/ext; with femur in rotation
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Two knee joint of tibiofemoral
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medial (C shaped, slip from MCL), lateral (nearly circular) meniscus
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tibiofemoral movement
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mainly flex/ext, some medial/lateral rotation, screw home mechanism
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the unhappy triad
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ACL commonly ruptured during ATT, femoral ir/tibia er
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the unhappy triad- excessive damage/force results in
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damage to MCL
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the unhappy triad- slips from medial meniscus often result in
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damage to the meniscus
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ACL injury
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females- smaller femoral notch, increased valgus, neuromuscular factors
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patellofemoral joint
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synovial-saddle joint, patella-femur (groove between condyles)
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main movement of patellofemoral
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gliding, "C'' motion laterally during flex/ext
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patellofemoral joint purpose
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causes increased pulley for quadriceps musculature
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patellar tracking/patellar stress syndrome-runners knee
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weakness of medial musculature, excessive pull of lateral musculature, excessive tension in lateral stabilizing elements
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lateral stabilizing elements of patellar tracking
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lateral retinaculum, iliotibial band
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proximal tibiofibular joint
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synovial vs fibrous, plane or gliding vs syndesmosis
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ankle region joints
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talocrural joint, distal tibiofibular joint
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talocrural joint
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true ankle joint, synovial hinge- talus sits mortise (distal tib-fib)
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talus: wide anterior, narrow posterior
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sits in mortise when in neurtral/dorsi flexion.
sits in mortise when in plantar flexion |
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talocrural joints
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medial ligaments: deltoid (ant/post tibiotalo, tibiocalcaneal, tibionavicular) thicker and stronger than lateral lig
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talocrural joints- stability lateral ligaments
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anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
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talocrural movements
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dorsi/plantar flexion
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distal tibiofibular joint
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fibrous- syndesmosis
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distal tibiofibular joint: stability
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anterior/posterior tibiofibular ligament, strong interosseous membrane
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subtalar
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inversion/eversion
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tarsometatarsal
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gliding
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intermetatarsal
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gliding
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metatarsophalangeal
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ellipsoid (sup/pro)
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interphalangeal
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flex/ext. toes 2-5: proximal and distal
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sprains
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lateral (plantar flexion/inversion) more common than medial (eversion)
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why is lateral more common than medial sprains?
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longer lateral malleolus, stronger medial ligaments, shape of talus
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essential function of digestive system?
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absorption of food, provide the body with nutrients
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what are the 2 groups of organs?
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GI tract= gastrointestinal tract or alimentary cavity, accessory digestive organs
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functions of digestion
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ingestion, deglutition, digestion, absorption, defecation
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ingestion
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taking food into GI tract via mouth, mastification: chewing, pulverizing food with teeth, mixing food with saliva
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deglutition
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movt of food through GI tract, initiated by swallowing. peristalsis: rhythmic wave like contractions that move food through GI tract.
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digestion
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break down of food-mechanical and chemical
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absorption
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transport molecules through the mucosal membrane of the GI tract
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defacation
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discharge of waste from GI tract
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mechanical digestion
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physical breakdown by teeth and contractions within the stomach and small intestine
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chemical digestion
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chemical rxns that break down food, achieved via enzymes secreted by organs within the GI tract.
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Oral Cavity
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Gingiva-gums, palates: roof of mouth
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hard palate: anterior
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formed by maxilla and palatine bones, bony separation between oral and nasal cavities
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soft palate
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muscular arch posterior to hard palate
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uvula
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cone shaped projection of soft palate, swallowing
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swallowing
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soft palate aand uvula drawn upward, closes off nasopharynx, preventing food and fluid entry to nasal cavity
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oral cavity
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tongue:intrinsic and extrinsic muscle
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tongue
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moves food through the oral cavity, assist with swallowing and speech
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Lingual Frenulum
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anchors tongue to the floor of oral cavity, limits posterior motion
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salivary glands
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saliva production, parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland
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saliva production
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controlled by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
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saliva
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dissolves food molecules, solvent for cleaning teeth, contains lysozyme (enzyme) which aids in bacterial destruction
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parotid gland
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largest salivary gland, ant and inf to the ear, site of mumps infection
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submandibular gland
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inf to the body of the mandible
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sublingual gland
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inf to tongue on teh floor of oral cavity
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Teeth
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Deciduous Teeth, permanent teeth
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deciduous teeth
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primary-20, form from 6 months to 2.5 years, lost from 6 years old to teens
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permanent teeth
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32, central/lateral incisors: cutting and shearing, cuspids(canine): holding tearing, bicuspids/molar: crushing and grinding
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pharynx
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post to the oral cavity, respiratory and digestive functions, origin of peristalsis
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tonsils
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located in pharynx, nodes of lymph tissue: palatine, lingual, pharyngeal
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esophagus
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GI tract connecting the pharynx to stomach (10in) collapsible muscular tube post to the trachea
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epiglottis
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cartilagenous, leaf like structure, positioned on top of glottis that covers trachea during swallowing (prevents fluid/food entry)
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lower esophageal sphincter
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jxn btwn esophagus and stomach, constricts to prevent regurgitation of stomach contents back to esophagus
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stomach
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most distensible part of GI tract, J-shaped pouch which empties into small intestines
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Functions of Stomach
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store food, mechanicall churns food and gastric secretions, partial digestion of proteins, limited absorption, moves food into intestine as chyme
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stomach regions
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cardia, fundus body, pyloris, greater/lesser curvature
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cardia
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upper, narrow region just below lower esophageal sphincter
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fundus
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dome shaped portion in contact with diaphragm. inferior to and left of cardia
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body
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main, central portion
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pyloris
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funnel shaped terminal portion. Pyloric antrum: wide, canal: narrow, Sphincter: junction of stomach and greater intestine
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small intestine
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primary site of digestive and absorption events, absorption of nutrients enhanced by large surface area: folds, villa, microvilla
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segments of small intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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duodenum
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originates at pyloric sphincter (C-shaped), receives bile from common bile duct that arises from liver and gallbladder, receives pancretic juice from teh pancreas via pancrea duct
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jejunum
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duodenum to ileum, primary region of absorption
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ileum
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distal portion, ileocecal valve between small and large intestines
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large intestine
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preparation of chyme for elimination, absorption of water and electrolytes, cecum
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cecum
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inverted pouch beginning at L1, veriform appendix: lymphatic tissue which may ward off infection
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colon
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ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
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large intestine
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anal canal, anal columns, sphincters (int/ext, vol/invol), anus
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accessory digestive organs
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not part of GI tract but aid in digestion: Liver, gall bladder, pancreas
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liver
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right,left,caudate,quadrate lobes. 2nd largest organ in body, on right side of abdominopelvic cavity below diaphragm
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functions of liver
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carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, filtering of drugs and hormones, storage, phagocytosis
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gall bladder
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sack-like organ on inf surface of liver, stores/concentrates bile which drains into duodenum via common bile duct
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pancreas
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soft, lobulated, glandular organ. exocrine/endocrine function, pancreatic juice into duodenum
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exocrine and endocrine functions of pancreas
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Islets of Langerhans, control of blood glucose levels- insulin (high blood glucose levels), glucagon (low blood glucose levels)
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pancreatic juice into duodenum assist in what
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digestion of triglycerides
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primary function of the renal system
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regulation of blood composition, volume, and pressure
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parts of the renal system
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2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 uretha
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kidney
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4-5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, 1 inch thick. lateral to the T12-L3 in the abdominal cavity. partially protected by ribs. right slightly lower bc of liver
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kidney function: regulation of blood volume and composition
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removes fluid, reduction of fluid content for formulation of urine. remove hydrogen ions into urine. control pH levels
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Kidney Function: Reduction of Blood Pressure
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Reduction of fluid volume (low BP), secretion of renin (high BP)
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Kidney Function: Contribution of Metabolism
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Gluconeogenesis
Production of erythropoietin (RBC) Production of Vitamin D |
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Renal Hilus
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notch located near the center concavity. passageway to renal sinus (cavity)
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renal sinus (cavity)
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ureter, renal artery, renal vein, lymphatic vessels, nervous innervation
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kidney tissue layers
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renal fascia (superficial), adipose capsule (intermediate), renal capsul (deep)
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renal fascia
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anchors kidney to surrounding structures and posterior abdominal wall.
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adipose capsule
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perirenal fat, protective layer
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renal capsule
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protects kidney from trauma and infection
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kidney internal anatomy
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renal cortex (outer reddish covering), renal medulla (inner reddish brown area), parenchym
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renal cortex
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renal columns: spaces between pyramids
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renal medulla
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aka renal pyramids, 8-18 cone shaped pyramids, bases of pyramids face cortex, renal papillae point toward center of kidney (apex)
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parenchyma=renal cortex+renal pyramids
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functional portion of kidney (location of nephrons)
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renal pelvis
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expanded upper end of the ureter, collection center for urine: minor calyx, major calyx
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minor calyx
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small depressions at apex of pyramid, receive urine from pyramids, 8-18 per kidney
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major calyx
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receive urine from minor calices, pass urine to ureter, 2-3 per kidney
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nephrons
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functional units of the kidneys: 1 mil +nephrons per kidney, 2 parts: coruscle and tubule
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nephrons function
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filtration, secretion, resorption
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