Exotic Med - Avian Non-Infectious Diseases

Front 1

What can affect the liver?

Back 1

-anything

Front 2

Liver disease
-acute causes

Back 2

-infectious
-toxins

Front 3

Liver disease
-non-infectious diseases

Back 3

-hepatic lipidosis
-hepatic fibrosis
-iron storage disease
-neoplasia

Front 4

Common infectious agent of the bird liver

Back 4

-Chlamydophila

Front 5

Hepatic disease
-clinical signs

Back 5

-“Sick Bird Syndrome”
-feather discoloration
-beak and nail overgrowth
-icterus
+/- palpable hepatic enlargement
-biliverdinuria

Front 6

Biliverdin
-define

Back 6

-pigment in bile that is an intermediate in the catabolism of hemoglobin and converted by the liver

Front 7

Hepatic Disease
-diagnosis

Back 7

-history
-clinical exam
-clin path (Bile Acids, AST, CPK)
-Radiographs
-US
-Endoscopy
-Biopsy

Front 8

Renal disease
-causes

Back 8

Anything
-infection
-neoplasia
-toxins

Front 9

Renal disease
-clinical signs

Back 9

-non-specific
+/- polyuria
-coelomic distension
-lameness

Front 10

3 components of bird droppings

Back 10

-feces
-urine
-urates

Front 11

Bird droppings
-normal appearance of urates

Back 11

-well formed
-white

Front 12

Bird droppings
-normal appearance of feces

Back 12

-green or brown

*can be changed by diet

Front 13

Bird droppings
-normal appearance of urine

Back 13

-clear and watery

Front 14

Nerve running through the kidney

Back 14

-Sciatic nerve

Front 15

Renal disease
-diagnosis

Back 15

-history
-clinical signs
-inc. uric acid
-radiology
-endoscopy
-biopsy

Front 16

Renal disease
-treatment

Back 16

-treat underlying cause
-supportive care

Front 17

Gout
-define

Back 17

-uric acid builds up in blood and deposits crystals

Front 18

Gout
-types

Back 18

-articular
-visceral

Front 19

Gout
-etiology

Back 19

-renal disease
-excess dietary protein

Front 20

Articular gout
-signs

Back 20

-joint swelling
-lameness/decreased movement

Front 21

Articular gout
-diagnosis

Back 21

-Aspirate for cytology  white crystals with inflammatory cells

Front 22

Gout
-diagnosis

Back 22

-aspirate & cytology
-inc. plasma uric acid levels
-radiographs (+/- urate trophi or tissue mineralization)
-endoscopy for visceral gout

Front 23

Gout
-treatment

Back 23

-intense supportive care
-diet modification
-allopurinol

Front 24

Gout
-prognosis

Back 24

-poor

Front 25

Allopurinol
-function

Back 25

-blocks the production of uric acid

Front 26

Cardiovascular disease
-diagnosis

Back 26

-Rapid HR (murmurs and arrhythmias difficult to detect)
-Dyspnea & ascites (can be caused by other things)

*sub-optimal diagnosis

Front 27

Cardiovascular diseases

Back 27

-endocardial disease
-myocardial disease
-pericardial disease
-cardiac arrhythmias
-congenital disease
-atherosclerosis

Front 28

Very common disease

Back 28

-atherosclerosis

Front 29

Atherosclerosis
-define

Back 29

-Calcium and cholesterol deposition

Front 30

Ascites
-treatment

Back 30

-drain directly central midline
(fluid will drain into air sacs if done on the side)

Front 31

Ascites
-diagnosis of cause

Back 31

cytology on drained fluids:
-cellularity
-transudate
-exudate
-C/S

Front 32

Neoplasia
-common tumors in Cockatiels

Back 32

-lipomas
-xanthomas
-gonadal tumors

Front 33

Neoplasia
-other common tumors

Back 33

-renal adenomas & adenocarcinomas
-Cloacal papilloma

Front 34

Neoplasia
-treatment

Back 34

-always remove

*birds will pick at the growth leading to secondary infection

Front 35

Lead poisoning
-sources

Back 35

-lead paint
-curtain/fishing weights
-solder
-antique or imported cages
-stained glass
-foil for champagne bottles
-lead batteries

Front 36

Lead poisoning
-clinical signs

Back 36

-neurologic
-GI
-liver damage
-anemia

Front 37

Lead poisoning
-diagnosis

Back 37

-radiographs
-blood lead levels

Front 38

Lead poisoning
-treatment

Back 38

-supportive care
-Midazolam
-Chelation
-Removal via endoscopy or surgery
-GI (lubricants and laxatives)

Front 39

Midazolam
-function for treatment of lead toxicity

Back 39

-decrease/prevent seizures

Front 40

Lead poisoning
-items used for chelation

Back 40

-Calcium EDTA
-D-penicillamine

Front 41

Zinc toxicity
-sources

Back 41

Galvanized material
-washers, screws, nut
-snap fasteners
-car keys
-pennies

Front 42

Zinc Toxicity
-how to decrease cause from newly galvanized wire

Back 42

-remove powder and other particulates
-clean with mildly acidic solution

Front 43

Zinc toxicity
-clinical signs

Back 43

-neurologic
-general

Front 44

Zinc toxicity
-diagnosis

Back 44

-Blood levels (don’t use rubber stoppers)

*Radiographs not very useful

Front 45

Zinc toxicity
-treatment

Back 45

-chelation

Front 46

Cloacal or Oviductal Prolapse
-causes

Back 46

-Neoplasia (cloacal papilloma)
-Infection (enteritis)
-Sexual behavior
-Dystocia

Front 47

Cloacal or Oviductal Prolapse
-treatment

Back 47

-medical support (lubrication, antibiotics, fluids)
-replacement of prolapsed tissues
-surgery (debridement, cloacoplasty/cloacopexy)

Front 48

Egg retention
-aka

Back 48

-dystocia

Front 49

Egg retention
-definition

Back 49

-failure of the egg to develop and pass through the oviduct at a normal rate

Front 50

Egg retention
-pathogenesis

Back 50

-multifactorial

Front 51

Dystocia
-define

Back 51

-impedance of oviposition

Front 52

Egg retention/Dystocia
-spp.

Back 52

-Cockatiel
-Lovebird
-Budgerigar
-Finch

Front 53

Egg retention/dystocia
-diagnosis

Back 53

-history
-palpation
-radiographs
-US
+/- ionized blood calcium

Front 54

Egg retention/dystocia
-treatment

Back 54

-stabilize patient
-medical therapy (heat & humidity, fluids, feeding, oxytocin?)
-ovocentesis not recommended
****TOC = Salpingectomy****

Front 55

Chronic egg laying
-define

Back 55

-larger than normal clutch of eggs
-repeated clutches

Front 56

Chronic egg laying
-spp.

Back 56

-smaller parrots

Front 57

Chronic egg laying
-etiology

Back 57

Multifactorial:
-human handling (patting on back)
-toys
-photoperiod
-diet

Front 58

Chronic egg laying
-secondary conditions

Back 58

-egg binding/dystocia
-osteoporosis
-malnutrition
-weight loss

Front 59

Chronic egg laying
-treatment

Back 59

-behavior modification
-environment modification
-drugs (Lupron/Deslorelin)
-Salpingectomy

Front 60

Lupron/Deslorelin
-MOA

Back 60

-GnRH analogue

Front 61

Egg yolk coelomitis
-diagnosis

Back 61

Abdominocentesis
-cytology
-culture

Front 62

Egg Yolk Coelomitis
-treatment

Back 62

-NSAIDs
+/- long term antibiotics

Front 63

Testicular tumor
-etiology

Back 63

-seminoma
-Leydig cell
-Sertoli cell
-Teratoma

Front 64

Testicular tumor
-clinical signs

Back 64

-unilateral pelvic limb paresis
-brown cere on budgerigars
-coelomic distension

Front 65

Testicular tumor
-pelvic limb paresis can also be due to:

Back 65

-renal neoplasia