Exotic Med - Reptile Radiology

Front 1

Challenges to radiographing reptiles

Back 1

-skin scales degrade image quality
-lack of a diaphragm
-pulmonary anatomy limits radiographic patterms
-paucity of intra-abdominal fat

Front 2

Radiology most useful in vizualizing:

Back 2

-mineralized structures
-respiratory system
-viscera containing contrast material

Front 3

Reasons for challenging animal restraint

Back 3

-can be very small or very large
-venomous reptiles
-crocodylia

Front 4

Restraint most commonly used
-examples

Back 4

-manual and mechanical restraint

ex)
-masking tape
-plexiglass
-restraint boards

Front 5

Osteoderms
-define

Back 5

-bony deposits in scales in the dermal layers of skin

*affect radiographs

Front 6

Restraint
-immobilizing agents
-animals most used for

Back 6

-ketamine/midazolam
-telazol
-ketamine/medetomidine
-propofol
-isoflurane


-used for chelonians to get their head out of their shell

Front 7

Restraint is necessary why?

Back 7

-need to have correct patient positioning

Front 8

Reptile radiology
-equipment

Back 8

-tube that can rotate 90 deg. (need to be able to shoot horizontally)
-digital radiography
-high-detail, rare-earth intensifying screens
-single intensifying screen for smaller patients (dental radiographs)

Front 9

Reason a low kVp is needeed

Back 9

-reptilian skeleton is less radiopaque than the mammalian skeleton

Front 10

Snake
-why is positioning and restraint problematic

Back 10

-coiled snake is difficult to interpret
-manual restraint in an extended position is challenging

*may need chemical restraint for adequate positioning

Front 11

Snake
-how to position and restrain

Back 11

-radiograph large snakes segment by segment
-plexiglass tube for restraining an unanesthetized patient
-tape the snake to a padded board for horizontal exposures

Front 12

Snake anatomy

Back 12

-know the normal anatomy by the % body length of where organs are found (position varies between spp.)
-Boids have 2 lungs (In other snakes the left lung is rudimentary)
-last pair of ribs marks the level of the cloaca/vent

Front 13

Snake anatomy
-structures by quarter

Back 13

-25% = trachea, esophagus, thyroid, heart
-50% = right lung, left lung, liver, left air sac
-75% = right air sac, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, gonads
-100% = intestines, kidneys, cloaca

Front 14

Snakes
-appearance of GI depends on:

Back 14

-time since fed
-minimal gas present

Front 15

Snakes
-common abnormal findings

Back 15

-exuberant new bone on spine
-pneumonia
-neoplasms or granulomas
-dystocias
-foreign bodies

Front 16

Snakes
-why is anesthesia easy

Back 16

-glottis is at the front of the mouth

Front 17

Reptiles
-medical way to induce egg laying

Back 17

-fluids
-heat
-calcium
-oxytocin

Front 18

Snake
-approximate location of heart

Back 18

-20-25% from head

Front 19

Snakes
-contrast study

Back 19

-Barium can be used but can take up to 7 days to pass
-Iohexol dilutes 1:1 with water and has a faster transit time than barium

Front 20

Iohexol
-useful when?

Back 20

-when a perforation is suspected

*won't cause peritonitis like barium

Front 21

How to reduce transit time with barium

Back 21

-Metaclopramide

Front 22

Lizard
-restraint and positioning

Back 22

-sandwich small species between foam pads
-vago-vagal response
-restraining devices, plastic tubes, etc.
-chemical restraint rare

Front 23

Vago-Vagal Response
-define

Back 23

-digital pressure applied to both eyes of a lizard for 50-60 seconds causing the animal to briefly cease movement

Front 24

Lizard
-radiographic views

Back 24

-DV
-lateral

Front 25

Lizards
-when to lower kVp

Back 25

-metabolic bone disease
--otherwise there will be overexposure of the plate with little bone outline

Front 26

Heart location
-iguanid lizards

Back 26

cranial throax at the thoracic inlet

Front 27

Heart location
-monitors

Back 27

-further caudal in the thorax

Front 28

Lizards
-unique radiographic anatomy

Back 28

-liver incompletely distinguishable from the GI
-some GI gas is normal
-Bladder may be expansive and bilobed

Front 29

Lizards
-common abnormal findings

Back 29

-Metabolic bone disease (appendicular skeleton, osteopenia, decreased cortical thickness, angular deformities, fractures, vascular mineralization)
-cystic calculi
-fractures (fibrous callous)
-foreign bodies
-dystocias

Front 30

Lizards
-reasons for metabolic bone disease

Back 30

-low temperature
-low Calcium
-inadequate lighting

Front 31

Lizards
-treating with eggs that are pre-ovulatory

Back 31

-improve management and diet
--see if she eats

Front 32

Lead foreign body
-treatment

Back 32

-Calcium EDTA
then
-Surgery

Front 33

Lizards
-contrast studies

Back 33

-Barium (6 days in carniverous spp. 30 days in herbivorous spp.)
-Iohexol

Front 34

Chelonian
-restraint

Back 34

Generally easy
-tape if necessary ontp clear plexiglass or cassette
-tap on shell
-placeon dorsum then turn upright
-place on block for craniocaudal and lateral views

Anesthetization may be necessary for the head and limbs

Front 35

Chelonian
-necessary views

Back 35

-DV
-craniocaudal
-lateral

Front 36

Chelonian
-DV for:

Back 36

-skeleton
-urinary system
-GI
-egg-binding
-foreign bodies

Front 37

Chelonian
-craniocaudal for:

Back 37

-respiratory system (horizontal beam)

Front 38

Chelonian
-unique radiographic anatomy

Back 38

-lungs attached to carapace (no pleural space)
-internal organs are overshadowed by shell (obscures organ differentiation)
-heart overshadowed by the shoulder girdle

Front 39

Chelonian
-normal radiographic findings in DV

Back 39

-girdles distinctly visualized
-stomach in the left cranial region
-small amount of gas in GI
-urinary bladder not visualized
-lungs IDed on horizontal beam

Front 40

Chelonians
-common abnormal findings

Back 40

-metabolic bone disease
-stones in GI
-gastroenteritis
-pneumonia
-cystic calculi
-fractures
-dystocias

Front 41

Chelonian
-contrast study

Back 41

-Barium: many hours
-Barium and air for double contrast study

-Iohexol (alternative to barium)