Exotic Med - Common Viral Diseases In Pet Birds

Front 1

Viral disease general principles

Back 1

Husbandry and nutrition
-overcrowding
-ventilation
-stress

Sanitation
-disinfectants only work after adequate cleaning

Front 2

Viral disease
-prevention

Back 2

-Vaccines
-Closed Aviary Concept

Front 3

Vaccines

Back 3

-Polyoma virus (young)
-Pacheco virus
-Pox virus
-West Nile Virus

Front 4

Closed Aviary concept
-describe

Back 4

-quarantine  test  cull

Front 5

Viral disease
-treatment

Back 5

-isolation
-fluid therapy
-nutritional support
-antibiotics
-acyclovir?

Front 6

Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-aka

Back 6

-Pacheco’s disease

Front 7

Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-species affected

Back 7

-all species

Front 8

Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-mortality

Back 8

-high

Front 9

Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-Rule outs

Back 9

-bacterial hepatitis
-parasitic hepatitis
-chlamydiosis
-toxic hepatitis
-hepatic lipidosis
-hemociderosis

Front 10

Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-clinical signs

Back 10

-bilivurdinuria

Front 11

Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-virus shedding

Back 11

-feces
-respiratory secretions
-ocular secretions

Front 12

Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-transmission

Back 12

-ingestion
-inhalation

**subclinical infection common**

Front 13

Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-describe infection

Back 13

-latent infection
-unknown incidence
-any survivors of infection considered carriers
-shedding secondary to stressors

Front 14

Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-antemortem diagnosis

Back 14

Rare
-fecal viral isolation
-fecal electron microscopy
-serology (poor sensitivity)

Front 15

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-virus type

Back 15

-circovirus

Front 16

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-pathogenesis

Back 16

1) targets immune system

Front 17

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-signs

Back 17

Beak and nails:
-soft
-overgrown
-lose pigment

Front 18

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-when does it become evident?

Back 18

-at first molt when new feathers do not emerge or are deformed and break off

Front 19

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-peracute signs

Back 19

Nestlings/Fledglings
-regurgitation
-severe leukopenia
-sepsis, pneumonia, enteritis
-death

Front 20

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-acute signs

Back 20

Nestlings
-depression
-feather dystrophy
-non-regenerative anemia
-leukopenia (<1000 WBCs)
-Secondary Aspergillosis
-hepatic necrosis

Front 21

Feather dystrophy
-signs

Back 21

-necrosis, hemorrhage (within feather shaft)
-lack powder down
-delayed molt
-premature shedding
-lack powder down
-painful feathers

Front 22

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-chronic signs

Back 22

6 months or older
-non-specific
-feather lesions
-beak lesions
-immunosuppression
-death in 6-12 months

Front 23

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-species that commonly gets beak lesions

Back 23

-cockatoos

Front 24

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-beak lesions occur when

Back 24

-advanced disease

Front 25

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-beak lesion signs

Back 25

-elongation/overgrowth
-longitudinal cracks
-palatine necrosis

Front 26

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-transmission

Back 26

-feces
-feather dander
-crop secretions

Front 27

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-carrier characteristics

Back 27

-asymptomatic
-shed for years

Front 28

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-stability

Back 28

-stable in environment

Front 29

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-co-infection

Back 29

-Polyoma

Front 30

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-diagnosis

Back 30

-clinical signs
-PCR
-histopath of plucked/growing feather
-feather follicle biopsy

Front 31

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-prevention

Back 31

-test new birds
-quarantine
-avoid housing large parrot species with small parrot species

Front 32

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-resistance

Back 32

-resistant to most standard disinfectants

Front 33

Avian Polyoma virus
-diseases

Back 33

Small psittacines
-Budgie fledgling disease

Large psittacines
-hepatitis

Front 34

Budgie Fledgling disease
-signs

Back 34

-high nesting death rate (10-25 days)
-feather dystrophy
-subcutaneous hemorrhage

Front 35

Avian Polyoma Virus
-transmission

Back 35

Direct:
-feces, urine
-crop secretions
-feather dander, skin
-vertical transmission (Budgies)

Front 36

Avian Polyoma Virus
-infection type

Back 36

-latent infections

Front 37

Avian Polyoma Virus
-Stability

Back 37

-stable in environment

Front 38

Avian Polyoma Virus
-Diagnosis

Back 38

-PCR***
-Serology (only measures exposure via Ab titer)
-feather follicle biopsy
-necropsy

Front 39

Avian Polyoma Virus
-prevention & Control

Back 39

-vaccinate at 5 wks (booster 2-3 wks)
-all in, all out nursery

Front 40

Poxvirus
-host specificity

Back 40

-variable

Front 41

Poxvirus
-transmission

Back 41

Through break in skin
-Trauma
-Mosquito

Front 42

Poxvirus
-syndromes

Back 42

-Dry/cutaneous
-Wet/mucosal
-Septicemic

Front 43

Poxvirus
-dry/cutaneous signs

Back 43

-featherless areas of the face, body, feet
-proliferative masses
-regress after 4-6 wks

Front 44

Poxvirus
-wet/diphtheritic signs

Back 44

Early:
-blepharitis
-chemosis
-cojunctivitis

Later:
-diphtheritis lesions in oropharynx and trachea

Front 45

Poxvirus
-Septicemic/systemic signs

Back 45

-Carnaries & finches
-acute conjunctivitis
-dyspnea
-mortality in 2-3 days
-lung tumors in survivors

Front 46

Poxvirus
-diagnosis

Back 46

Cytology/histology
-large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions

Front 47

West Nile Virus
-first seen where in the USA

Back 47

-New York

Front 48

West Nile Virus
-transmission

Back 48

-mosquito

*insect-bird-insect cycle*

Front 49

West Nile Virus
-clinical signs

Back 49

-asymptomatic
-non-specific
-neurologic signs
-sudden death

Front 50

West Nile Virus
-diagnosis

Back 50

-PCR
-Serology
-Viral isolation
-Brain IHC

Front 51

West Nile Virus
-serologic test

Back 51

-ELISA (IgM)

Front 52

West Nile Virus
-Treatment

Back 52

-supportive care ONLY

Front 53

West Nile Virus
-prevention and control

Back 53

-mosquito netting/screen
-vaccination (equine vaccine)

Front 54

Papillomatosis
-affected birds

Back 54

New World spp.
-Macaws***
-Amazon parrots
-Conures

Front 55

Papillomatosis
-pathogenesis

Back 55

-unknown

Front 56

Papillomatosis
-virus type

Back 56

-most likely a herpes virus

Front 57

Papillomatosis
-signs

Back 57

Papillomas on mucosal surfaces

Front 58

Papillomatosis
-mucosal surfaces affected

Back 58

*cloaca*
*oropharynx*

-esophagus
-crop
-proventriculus
-conjunctiva
-nasolacrimal duct

Front 59

Papillomatosis
-cloacal papilloma effects

Back 59

-prolapse
-tenesmus
-foul-smelling stool
-hematochezia

Front 60

Papillomatosis
-oropharyngeal papilloma effects

Back 60

-wheezing
-dyspnea
-persistent sinusitis
-ptyalism
-dysphagia

Front 61

Papillomatosis
-diagnosis

Back 61

-cloacal papilloma check
-cloacoscopy
-histopath

Front 62

Papillomatosis
-treatment

Back 62

-lesions usually wax and wane without treatment

-sharp dissection
-radiosurgery
-cautery
-laser surgery
-cryosurgery

Front 63

Papillomatosis
-prevention

Back 63

-isolate affected birds

Front 64

Very important virus to know in birds

Back 64

Avian Borna Virus****

Front 65

Avian Borna Virus
-aka

Back 65

-Macaw wasting disease
-Proventricular Dilatation Disease
-Neuropathic Gastric Dilatation
-Myenteric ganglioneuritis and encephalomyelitis
-Infiltrative splanchnic neuropathy

Front 66

Avian Borna Virus
-clinical presentations

Back 66

-non-specific
-GI
-Neurologic
-Combination

Front 67

Avian Borna Virus
-GI signs

Back 67

-emaciation
-crop impaction
-regurgitation
-maldigestion
-malabsorption

Front 68

Avian Borna Virus
-neurologic signs

Back 68

-ataxia
-seizures

Front 69

Avian Borna Virus
-diagnosis

Back 69

-clinical signs
-radiography + contrast
-Fluoroscopy + contrast
-Endoscopy + biopsy
-Histopath
-PCR (pooled fecal sample)

Front 70

Avian Borna Virus
-Endoscopy + biopsy for what tissue?

Back 70

-inflamed proventricular serosa

Front 71

Avian Borna Virus
-histopath tissues

Back 71

-crop
-ventriculus

Front 72

Benefit of PCR

Back 72

Detects viral presence & not just exposure

Front 73

Avian Borna Virus
-radiographic sign

Back 73

-delayed emptying of contrast from the crop

Front 74

Avian Borna Virus
-histopath findings

Back 74

-non-suppurative encephalomyelitis
-lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the ganglions of visceral nerves

Front 75

Avian Borna Virus
-treatment

Back 75

-supportive care (feeding, fluids, vitamins)
-Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs, Cyclosporin)
Avian Borna Virus
-prognosis Guarded

Front 76

Avian Borna Virus
-prevention

Back 76

-isolate or cull infected birds

*no vaccine*