Exotic Med - Avian Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Nares
-surrounded by

Back 1

Either:
-cere
-operculum (horny flap that overhangs)

Front 2

Nares
-open into

Back 2

-infraorbital sinus

Front 3

Cervicocephalic Air Sacs

Back 3

-communicate with caudal end of infraorbital sinus

Front 4

Infraorbital sinus
-effect of infections

Back 4

-periorbital swelling
-difficult to treat

Front 5

Choana
-definition

Back 5

-slit that connects the nasal cavity to the oropharynx

Front 6

Choanal papillae
-pathology

Back 6

-blunted papillae suggest illness with hypovitaminosis A

*should be sharp looking

Front 7

Birds have an epiglottis (T/F)

Back 7

-False

Front 8

Glottis
-location

Back 8

-base of tongue

*easy to intubate

Front 9

Trachea
-clinical importance

Back 9

-complete rings so you can't used cuffed endotracheal tubes
-will cause necrosis

Front 10

Syrinx
-location

Back 10

-tracheal bifurcation

Front 11

Syrinx
-function

Back 11

-vocalization in some male birds

Front 12

Syrinx
-clinical importance

Back 12

-can see voice change with tracheal disease
-likely site for foreign body and aspergillosis
-can be large normally

Front 13

Lungs
-location

Back 13

-craniodorsal part of the body cavity

-no expansion
-thin gas exchange barrier

Front 14

Lungs
-auscultation

Back 14

-listen dorsally
-normal = no noise

Front 15

Air sac
-how many

Back 15

-9

Front 16

Air sacs
-importance

Back 16

-hold 80% of respiratory volume

Front 17

Air sacs
-names

Back 17

Unpaired
-interclavicular

Paired
-cervicocephalic
-cranial thoracic
-caudal thoracic
-abdominal

Front 18

Respiratory Cycle
-describe

Back 18

-continuous
-unidirectional flow
-always have gas exchange

Front 19

Respiratory Cycle
-clinical significance

Back 19

-efficient at oxygen uptake
-efficient at toxin uptake

Front 20

Inhalation
-what occurs

Back 20

-air flows into posterior air sace
-air flow through the lungs into the anterior air sacs

*all air sacs expanded

Front 21

Expiration
-what occurs

Back 21

-air from anterior air sace flows into trachea and out of body
-air from posterior air sacs flows through the lungs and out the body

*all air sacs deflate

Front 22

Replacement of diaphragm

Back 22

-movement of ribs and sternum

Front 23

Lack of diaphragm
-clinical significance

Back 23

-if the chest is held to tightly, tidal volume will be limited and effective oxygenation will be compromised

Front 24

First part of the avian GI

Back 24

-beak

Front 25

Beak
-anatomy

Back 25

-covered in rhamphotheca, which is continuously growing

-rhinotheca = upper
-gnathotheca = lower

Front 26

Beak
-specializations

Back 26

-diet
-prehension

Front 27

Replacement of salivary glands

Back 27

-salivary tissue in the oropharynx

Front 28

Only bird with intrinsic tongue muscles

Back 28

-parrot

Front 29

GI route

Back 29

-esophagus
-crop
-stomach
-small intestine
-paired cecae
-large intestine
-cloaca
-vent

Front 30

Crop
-function

Back 30

-enlarged area of the esophagus that stores food for a period of time while the stomach is full

Front 31

Stomach
-parts

Back 31

-proventriculus
-ventriculus

Front 32

Proventriculus
-function

Back 32

-glandular stomach

Front 33

Ventriculus
-function

Back 33

Gizzard
-mechanical digestion
-Cuticle (Koilin) layer for wall protection

Front 34

Cloaca
-sections cranial to caudal

Back 34

-Coprodeum
-Urodeum
-Proctodeum

Front 35

Coprodeum
-function

Back 35

-GI waste storage

Front 36

Urodeum
-function

Back 36

ureters
-genital ducts

Front 37

Proctodeum
-function

Back 37

-phallus
-bursa of fabricius (B lymphocyte source)

Front 38

3 components of droppings

Back 38

-feces
-urine
-urates

Front 39

Avian Liver
-anatomy

Back 39

-right and left lobes
+/- gall bladder
-biliverdin. but no biliverdin reductase

Front 40

Avian liver
-clinical importance

Back 40

-bruising in birds looks green
-birds can't become icteric (no bilirubin)

Front 41

Feathered vs. Nonfeathered skin

Back 41

Feathered
-thin & delicate

Nonfeathered
-tough

Front 42

Avian method of cooling down

Back 42

-panting
-dilation of superficial blood vessels

*no sweat glands

Front 43

Feathers
-composed of

Back 43

-modified integument/epidermis

Front 44

Feathers
-purpose

Back 44

-insulation
-waterproofing
-flight
-courtship displays, fighting, defense
-sensory functions
-protection from UV light

Front 45

Pterylae
-define

Back 45

-feathered tracts

Front 46

Apterylae
-define

Back 46

-featherless areas between tracts

Front 47

Apterylae
-function

Back 47

-used for heat exchange

Front 48

Feathers
-types

Back 48

-contour feathers
-pin/blood feathers
-powder down feathers

Front 49

Contour Feathers
-location

Back 49

Remiges
-primaries = manus
-secondary = antebrachium

Retrices = pygostyle

Coverts

Front 50

Remiges
-define

Back 50

-flight feathers

Front 51

Retices
-define

Back 51

-tail feathers

Front 52

Pin/Blood feathers
-function

Back 52

-maintain vascular supply

*susceptible to traum

Front 53

Pin/Blood Feathers
-clinical notes

Back 53

-avoid cutting these feathers and adjacent feathers
-broken blood feather common. treat by removing rest of feather from wing attachment

Front 54

Powder down feathers
-function

Back 54

Help with:
-grooming
-parasites

Front 55

Powder down feathers
-found in what birds

Back 55

-cockatiels
-cockatoos
-african grey

Front 56

Uropygial gland
-function

Back 56

-oil and preen gland
-maintains feather shape, repels water, and creates luster
-also antibacterial

Front 57

Stress bars
-cause

Back 57

-endogenous or exogenous steroid

-segmental dysplasia of feather

Front 58

Reason for vertebrae fusion

Back 58

-minimal energy expenditure in maintaining body rigidity in flight

Front 59

Vertebral sections

Back 59

-cervical
-notarium (cervical & thoracic)
-synsacrum (caudal thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal)
-pygostyle (distal fusion of caudal vertebrae)

Front 60

Where do most back problems occur in birds

Back 60

-between the notarium and synsacrum

Front 61

Avian pectoral limb
-modifications for flight

Back 61

-humerus is pneumatic
-ulna larger than radius
-distal wing made of fused metacarpals and phalanges

Front 62

Pinioning
-describe
-purpose

Back 62

-amputation of distal wingtip at the carpus
-permanently prevents flight

Front 63

Pectoral limb
-section less developed in flightless birds

Back 63

-carpus

Front 64

Main flight bone

Back 64

-coracoid

Front 65

Sternum/Keel
-function

Back 65

-highly developed to provide a wide surface area for muscle attachment

Front 66

Pectoral girdle
-bones

Back 66

-clavicle
-coracoid
-scapula

Front 67

Pectoral girdle
-muscles

Back 67

-supracoracoideus
-pectoralis

Front 68

Supracoracoideus
-function

Back 68

-abduction of the wing via tendon passing throug the triosseal canal (coracoid, clavicle, scapula)

Front 69

Pectoralis
-function

Back 69

-adduction of wind

Front 70

Avian pelvic limb
-modifications for flight

Back 70

-femur (pneumatic)
-tibiotarsus (like mammalian tibia)
-tarsometatarsus (like mammal metatarsus)
-digits

Front 71

Pneumatic bones

Back 71

-long bones
-pectoral girdle
-sternum
-keel
-skull

*depending on spp

Front 72

Avian eye
-support

Back 72

-scleral ossicles

Front 73

Avian eye
-compensation for limited globe movement

Back 73

-head movement

Front 74

Avian eye
-light reflex

Back 74

-no consensual light reflex

Front 75

Avian eye
-anterior chamber
-clinical significance

Back 75

Iris and ciliary body
-variable skeletal muscle
-voluntary control over pupil size and accomodation

-atropine ineffective at dilation

Front 76

Avian eye
-pecten

Back 76

-pigmented, pleated
-vascular
-projects from near the optic nerve

Front 77

Avian eye
-retina

Back 77

-no blood vessels
-no tapetum lucidum

Front 78

Avian ear
-location

Back 78

-caudal and ventral to eye

Front 79

Avian kidneys
-location

Back 79

-paired
-dorsal location
-depression of synsacrum

Front 80

Kidneys
-important characteristics

Back 80

-sciatic nerve runs through parenchyma
-renal portal system
-no bladder

Front 81

Avian nephrons
-most numerous nephrons

Back 81

-cortical nephrons

Front 82

Avian nephrons
-describe cortical nephrons

Back 82

-resemble reptilian nephrons
-no loop of henle
-excrete uric acid

Front 83

Avian nephrons
-describe medullary nephrons

Back 83

-resemble mammalian nephrons
-loop of henle present
-form and concentrate urine

Front 84

Avian testes
-location

Back 84

-intracoelomic
-near the cranial pole of the kidney

Front 85

Avian testes
-clinical note

Back 85

-seasonal variation in size
-grow 20-300x the size in breeding season

Front 86

Avian reproduction
-phallus types
-function
-spp

Back 86

Intromittent phallus
-deposits sperm directly into cloaca
-waterfowl, ratites

Non-intromittent phallus
-deposits sperm onto external genitalia
-galliforms

Front 87

Avian ovaries
-location

Back 87

-cranial pole of kidney

*right ovary and oviduct regress

Front 88

Avian ovaries
-clinical note

Back 88

-ovarian arterial supply is very short so ovariectomy is risky

Front 89

Movement of egg through oviduct

Back 89

-Infundibulum (15 min)
-Magnum (3 hr) ---> secretory
-Isthmus (1-2 hrs) ---> shell membranes
-Uterus (20 hrs) ---> shell formation, albumin volume
-Uterovaginal junction
-Vagina (seconds)

Front 90

Avian sexing

Back 90

-physical characteristics (sexual dimorphism, vent sexing)
-egg production
-surgical sexing
-genetic sexing

Front 91

Heart
-compared to mammal

Back 91

-larger than mammal of similar size
-high heart rate

Front 92

Avian
-sites for venipuncture

Back 92

-right jugular
-basilic wing veins
-medial tarsometatarsal veins