Excretion + Osmoregulation

Front 1

Excretion

Back 1

Removal of waste products of metabolism from the body

Front 2

Excretion in Plants

Back 2

- Oxygen (from photosynthesis) by diffusion through stomata (+ lenticels)

- Carbon Dioxide (from respiration) by diffusion through stomata + lenticels

- Water (from respiration) by transpiration through stomata

Front 3

Excretion in Animals

Back 3

- Lungs: carbon dioxide + water vapour

- Skin: water + salts (sweat)

- Kidneys: water, salts + urea (excess protein) [urine]

Front 4

Back 4

Front 5

Structure of a Kidney

Back 5

Bean shaped organs located at back abdominal cavity

Front 6

Function of Vena Cava in Urinary System

Back 6

Carries deoxygenated blood to heart

Front 7

Function of Aorta in Urinary System

Back 7

Carries oxygenated blood from heary

Front 8

Function of Renal Vein in Urinary System

Back 8

Carries blood to the heart away from kidney (low in oxygen + waste)

Front 9

Function of Ureters in Urinary System

Back 9

Carries urine from kidneys to bladder

Front 10

Function of Sphincter Muscle in Urinary System

Back 10

Controls release of urine

Front 11

Function of Renal Artery in Urinary System

Back 11

Carries blood away from heart to kidney (rich in oxygen + waste)

Front 12

Function of Kidney in Urinary System

Back 12

Filters the blood. Produces urine. Homeostasis. i.e. Osmoregulation, pH levels

Front 13

Function of Bladder in Urinary System

Back 13

Stores urine

Front 14

Function of Urethra in Urinary System

Back 14

Carries urine out of the body

Front 15

Back 15

Front 16

Function of Cortex in Kidney

Back 16

Site of filtration + reabsorption

Front 17

Function of Medulla in Kidney

Back 17

Site of Reabsorption

Front 18

Function of Renal Pelvis in Kidney

Back 18

Collects waste + carries it to ureters

Front 19

Filtration in Kidney

Back 19

Small substances are forced out of bloodstream into kidney (bowman's capsule of nephron). Occurs at glomerulus in Cortex. Forms glomerular filtrate.

Front 20

Reabsorption in Kidneys

Back 20

Useful substances are taken back into bloodstream from kidney (nephron)

Front 21

Back 21

Front 22

How glomerulus is adapted for filtration

Back 22

- Blood under high pressure (efferent arteriole narrower than afferent arteriole)

- Large surface area

- Walls of glomerulus capillaries are more porous

- Walls of Bowman's Capsule very thin (1 cell thick)

Front 23

Filtration at Glomerulus

Back 23

Amino acids, vitamins, some hormones, water, salt + urea forced out of blood into Bowman's Capsule

Front 24

Reabsorption at Proximal Convulated Tubule

Back 24

Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, some water + some salts by osmosis, diffusion + active transport

Front 25

Reabsorption at Descending Loop of Henle

Back 25

Some water by osmosis (permeable to water)

Front 26

Reabsorption at Ascending Loop of Henle

Back 26

Some salts by diffusion + further up by active transport

Front 27

Reabsorption at Distal Convulated Tubule

Back 27

Some water + some salts depending on condition of body (slightly impermeable to water)

Front 28

Function of Collecting Duct in Nephron

Back 28

Relatively impermeable to water. Collects urine leads to Pelvis.

Front 29

Glomerular Filtrate vs. Blood

Back 29

- Has blood cells (red, white + platelets)

- Has proteins

- Has antibodies

Front 30

Glomerular Filtrate vs. Urine

Back 30

- Does not contain glucose, amino acids, vitamins

- Has less water (more concentrated)

Front 31

Why are blood cells, proteins, antibodies + some hormones not present in glomerular filtrate?

Back 31

Too big to pass into glomerular filtrate

Front 32

Urine Production (Osmoregulation)

Back 32

1. Low water intake/ high salt intake

2. Salt concentration of plasma (blood) increases

3. Detected by brain

4. Triggers pituitary to release ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

5. ADH travels in blood to kidneys

6. Makes walls of distal convulated tubule + collecting duct more permeable to water

7. More water is reabsorbed back into blood

8. Small volume of concentrated urine produced

9. Salt concentration of plasma (blood) decreases

10. Detected by brain

11. Pituitary gland inhibited i.e. No more ADH released

12. Walls of distal convulated tubule + collecting duct return to normal i.e. Slightly impermeable

Front 33

When is the only time pituitary gland is triggered + ADH released?

Back 33

Blood too concentrated (high salt/ low water)

Front 34

High protein diet

Back 34

No ADH produced, high volume of urea in urine

Front 35

High glucose in urine

Back 35

Diabetes