Exam 3 33

Front 1

explain what author means about reciprocal selection

Back 1

term refers to feedback loop in which selective pressure on one trait drives a reciprocal pressure on a trait in the other species of a coevolving species pair

ex. newts and snakes

Front 2

why do authors refer to a breakdown of reciprocal selection in some areas of the geographic range that they studied

Back 2

requires that both species are capable of exerting selective pressure on the other. if either species loses this ability then the feedback loop breaks down

Front 3

sequence conservation

noncoding sequences with regulatory function are subject to negative(purifying) selection and are evolutionarily constrained

Back 3

Approach 1

Front 4

toolkit genes fall into two functional categories

Back 4

transcription factors(hox genes)

signaling molecules (sonic hedgehog)

Front 5

4 Parts of CRE evolution

Back 5

Point Mutation

Small Insertions/Deletions that alter TFBS within a CRE

Duplication or deletions of entire CRE's

Rearrangments and/ or shufflings of CRE's

Front 6

genome complexity is directly related to the number of genes

Back 6

false

Front 7

the position of each Hox gene cluster is critically important for its function in patterning the_____ during embryonic life

Back 7

anterior-posterior axis

Front 8

the relationship between positions of a Hox gene in a cluster and its spatial-temporal expression along the A-P axis is called

Back 8

collinearity

Front 9

results in an adult that has a more child like apperances

Back 9

paedomorphosis

Front 10

Mutations in cis-regulatory sequences(enhancers) have a high or higher probability of fixation because

Back 10

they have no affect on the amino acid sequence of a protein

modular CRE's can be easily duplicated or re-arranged in genomes

Front 11

Transcription factors (proteins) act in_____ by binding to enhancer sequences (CRE)'s which act in

Back 11

trans

cis

Front 12

Noncoding sequences composed of several transcription factor binding sites situated close to another a genome

CRE's can be identified as highly conserved noncoding sequence blocks by alignment of orthologous sequences

Back 12

describe CRE's

Front 13

The autopodium of modern tetrapods has five digits, specified as 1 2 3 4 5. This phenotype is robust to perturbation demostrating

Back 13

canalization

Front 14

Hox genes in paralog groups ________ have been recrutied into paired appendage development

Back 14

9-13

Front 15

HoxA13 in human, coelacanth and sharks are

Back 15

orthologs

Front 16

The changes of proportion during development can lead to changes of form within and between species. Based upon

Back 16

allometry

Front 17

The DDC pathway of evolution following duplication always leads to the retention of two paralogs

Back 17

true

Front 18

During phase ___ of limb development, Hox genes in paralog groups 9-13 are expressed in a reverse-colinear manner

Back 18

phase 2

Front 19

Amino acid sequence of developmental toolkit proteins is highly conserved in taxa as different fruitfly and human.

Back 19

The human protein must be placed in the fly by the appropiate biological context

Front 20

When a gene influnces several different phenotypic traits

Back 20

pleiotropy

Front 21

What type of sequences are used to calculate Ka, Ks

Back 21

coding region

Front 22

predators evolve to get prey while prey is evolving to evade predators

reciprocal genetic change in interacting species, owing to natural selection imposed by each on the other

Back 22

CoEvolution

Front 23

What are patterns consistent with coevolution using phylogenetic trees

Back 23

ex. If flower changes then hummingbird beaks should change too

Front 24

What are the three categories of CoEvolution

Back 24

cospeciation

lack of host switching (lice and birds)

escape and evade

Front 25

what types of constraints can limit the extent of coevolution

Back 25

genetic(CRES)

developmental(decrease head size)

life history

Front 26

Ohno-acquire new function

DDC- just enhancing

Back 26

none

Front 27

What are hox genes

Back 27

group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of an organisms

Front 28

How do we identify CRE's using comparitive genomics

Back 28

ChIP and Biofamitics

Front 29

what type of sequences can evolve

Back 29

CRE's

Front 30

represents an interplay of the underlying genetic architecture of an organism and the environment

Back 30

phenotype

Front 31

is defined as a single genotype that may produce different phenotypes in different environments

Back 31

phenotypic plasticity

Front 32

is defined as a phenotype that is robust to changes in the genotype and the environment

Back 32

canalization

Front 33

is evolution above the species level. Something we can observe

Back 33

macroevolution

Front 34

may be defined as a trait that has never been observed before

Back 34

novel structure

Front 35

is a characteristic that can help overcome to the robustness of phenotypes in canalization and thus can help influence the evolution of a novelty

Back 35

Modularity

Front 36

( a single long bone of the upper limb) humerus(arm) femur(leg)

Back 36

sylopodium

Front 37

two paired long bones of the lower limb radius and ulna(arm) fibula(leg)

Back 37

zeugopodium

Front 38

(small nodular bones and small long bones) wrist and hand(arm) ankle and foot(leg)

Back 38

autopodium

Front 39

Of the three limb modules what is the most recent and it has unique developmental processes

exhibits the highest degree of phenotypic variability across speciest

innovation of the fin-limb transition

Back 39

autopodium

Front 40

fossil and living lobe-finned fishes have paired appendage segments homologous to the ________ and _________

Back 40

stylopodium and zeugopodium

Front 41

the fossil record tells us that the earliest tetrapods (have an autopodium) like Acanthostega have more than 5 digits

Back 41

none

Front 42

subtle change over evolutionary time in an organism's developmental timetable are a potent source of overall evolutionary change.

Back 42

Heterochrony

Front 43

Two forms of heterochrony

Back 43

Paedomorphosis and Peramorphosis

Front 44

heterochronic change in which the adult of a derived organsim resembles a juvenile of the ancestor

Back 44

paedomorphosis

Front 45

heterochronic change in which the juvenile of a derived organism resembles an adult of the ancestor

Back 45

Peramorphosis

Front 46

Three developmental parameters

Back 46

Rate of development

Time of onset of development

Time of offset of development

Front 47

describes how the characteristics of living creatures change with size. It refers to the differential rate of growth of different parts or dimensions or an organism during its ontogeny

Back 47

allometry

Front 48

when the slope of the line is 1 this is called

Back 48

isometric growth (not allometry)

Front 49

when the slope of the line is >1 this is called _________ meaning the trait grows faster than the body as a whole

Back 49

positive allometry

Front 50

When the slope of the line is <1 this is called ________ meaning trait grows more slowly than the body as a whole

Back 50

negative allometry

Front 51

interactions between species that benefit individuals of both species

can lead to extreme adaptations

Back 51

Mutualism

Front 52

can give a single gene many different functions

Back 52

CIs-regulatory modules

Front 53

can occur by exon shuffling

can occur by gene or genome duplication

Back 53

Origin of new genes

Front 54

posits one paralog retains the ancestral function while the other paralog is freed from selective constraints and can take different fates including acquiring a new function

Back 54

Ohno Model

Front 55

posits that a gene has multiple functions and following duplication, the functions are sub-divided in a non-complementary way in the paralogs

Back 55

DDC model

Front 56

A long time ago there was a single hox gene that tandemely duplicated
There were more tandem duplications, eventually resulting in a hox cluster.

Back 56

none