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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 types of invertebrates?
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3 types of invertebrates are noncoelomates, protostome coelomates, and deuterostome coelomates.
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What are parazoa?
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Parazoa are animals that lack true tissues.
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What phylum did we talk about that is a parazoa?
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The phylum Porifera belongs under the category of parazoa.
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Most members of the phylum porifer lack what?
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Most members of Porifera lack symmetry.
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In the phylum porifera, what's the difference between larval and adults?
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Larval are free-swimming and adults are sessile.
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What's the more common name for the animals in the phylum porifera?
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Sponges.
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Where do animals from the phylum porifera live?
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Sponges live in sea water or fresh water.
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What type of invertebrate are animals from the phylum porifera?
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Parazoa (phylum Porifera) are noncoelomate invertebrates.
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How many cell types do Porifera have?
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Porifera have 3 different cell types.
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What makes Porifera lack true tissue?
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Cells can differentiate from one another. If it were true tissue, the cells could only become more specialized and can't go back and become a different cell.
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For Porifera, how many functional layers are in the "vase"?
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For Porifera, there are 3 functional layers in its "vase"
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What's a unique thing about Porifera?
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You can tear Porifera apart, put it in the water near each other, and it will form whole again.
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What type of invertebrates are Cnidarians?
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The phylum Cnidaria include animals that are noncoelomate invertebrates.
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What are eumetazoa?
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Eumetazoa are animals with true tissues.
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Where are cnidarians usually found?
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Most cnidarias are marine, but there are a few freshwater species.
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What type of symmetry do cnidarians have?
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Cnidarians have radial symmetry.
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Tissues, organs, systems. Which of the three are cnidarians lacking?
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Cnidarians have distinct tissues, but no organs. They don't have reproductive, circulatory, or excretory systems. They are still able to perform those functions, there's just no organ for it.
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Describe what cnidarians not having a concentrated nervous system means.
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Cnidarians have a latticework of nerve cells. They have touch, gravity, and light receptors. They don't have a brain.
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What is an example of a cnidarian?
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Hydra.
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Hydra have a gastrovascular cavity. Do they have a coelom?
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Hydra are cnidarians, which are noncoelomate invertebrates. So no coelom!
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What is the mesoglea of a hydra?
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The mesoglea can act as a hydrostatic skeleton. It's a space filled with jelly-like substance between the gastrodermis and epidermis.
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What do cnidarians use to capture prey?
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Cnidarians use nematocysts to capture prey.
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Describe nematocysts.
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Nematocysts are secreted by nematocytes. Some carry venom.
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What happens after cnidarians have used nematocysts to capture prey?
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Cnidarians then secrete enzymes to digest their prey.
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What are the 2 basic body forms of cnidarians?
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The 2 basic body forms of cnidarians are polyps and medusa.
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What are polyps?
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A basic body form of cnidarians. Polyps are cylindrical and sessile.
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What are medusa?
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A basic body form of cnidarians. Medusa are umbrella-shaped and free-living.
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What are 4 main examples of cnidarians?
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Anything with "jelly" in it, coral reefs and sea anemones, and hydroids.
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Protostome animals are diploblastic or triploblastic?
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Protostome animals are triploblastic.
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How do spiralia grow?
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Spiralia grow by gradual adding on of body mass.
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What are the 2 phyla that are categorized under spiralia?
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Spiralia include Rotifera and Platyhelminthes.
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What are ecdysozoa?
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Ecdysozoa are animals that molt (when grow to fill their shell, lose it, and produce a new exoskeleton) (no snakes!)
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What are the 3 phyla that are all protostomic noncoelomate invertebrates that all have bilateral symmetry?
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The 3 phyla that are all protostomic noncoelomate invertebrates that all have bilateral symmetry are Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda.
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What is the common name for Platyhelminthes?
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Platyhelminthes are flat worms.
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Describe the body of Platyhelminthes.
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Platyhelminthes are unsegmented and have dorsal ventral flattening (which just means its very flat).
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Describe the digestive system of Platyhelminthes.
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Platyhelminthes have incomplete digestive systems. They may have one mouth and no anus or no opening at all. Instead, it goes through the skin.
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Describe the nervous system of Platyhelminthes.
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Platyhelminthes have an anterior central ganglion, which are a bundle of neurons that are similar to a brain, but not.
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Describe the sexuality of Platyhelminthes.
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Platyhelminthes are mostly hermaphroditic.
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What are 3 categories of Platyhelminthes?
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Turbellarians, cestodes, and trematodes.
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What are turbellarians?
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Turbellarians are free living Platyhelminthes.
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What are cestodes?
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Cestodes are endoparasitic tape worms, which are Platyhelminthes and don't have an opening for nutrients.
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What are trematodes?
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Trematodes are Platyhelminthes. They are endo- and ecto- parasitic flukes, which means they attach to the inside or outside of the hosts' bodies.
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What's the human disease of the liver that we talk about with Platyhelminthes?
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A Platyhelminthes causes schistosomiasis, or bilharzia.
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What is the name of the Platyhelminthes that causes a disease of the liver?
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Schistosoma causes schistosomiasis.
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Describe Schistosoma and where they are found.
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Schistosoma are a trematode (Platyhelminthes). Schistosomiasis afflicts 5% of the world's population. Mostly tropical and sub-tropical regions. Contaminated H2O. Unlike most Platyhelminthes, not hermaphrodites, they have 2 sexes.
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How many people die each year from schistosomiasis?
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About 800,000 people die each year from schistosomiasis.
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Describe the cycle of infection by schistosomiasis.
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Eggs come from feces or urine of infected human. These infect snails. Grow into free-living organism that penetrates skin of human. Migrate to the liver, fertilize, lay eggs that appear in feces and urine.
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Difference between noncoelomates and acoelomates?
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Noncoelomates include acoelomates and pseudocoelomates.
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Describe Nematoda.
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Nematoda are noncoelomate invertebrates (Pseudocoelomates). Most are free-living and some are parasitic.
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Describe the bodies of Nematoda.
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Nematoda are unsegmented worms, fluid filled pseudocoelom, bilateral symmetry, longitudinal muscles (don't go around body, instead lengthwise), no appendages, complete gut (mouth & anus)
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What is an important model organism for Nematoda?
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C. elegans is an important model organism for Nematoda.
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What is a human disease caused by Nematoda?
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Nematoda cause Guinea worm disease.
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Describe what Dracunculus medinensis does.
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Dracunculus medinensis causes Guinea worm disease. Humans drink water contaminated with infected copepods (a crustacean). Larvae penetrate digestive organs and enter into abdominal cavity to reproduce. Female migrates to skin, release eggs into water when human sticks foot in water to relive pain. Female is up to 3 ft long.
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Describe the size and location of Rotifera.
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Rotifera are small and mostly aquatic.
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What category do Rotifera go under?
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Rotifera are noncoelomate invertebrates (Psudocoelomates).
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What type of symmetry and body do Rotifera have?
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Rotifera have bilateral symmetry and are unsegmented. They are triploblastic, internal organs, complete gut, hydrostatic skeleton.
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Describe how Rotifera eat.
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Rotifera are suspension feeders. They have corona (ring of cilia).
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What are the 3 phylum of Coelomate invertebrates (Protostomes) that we discuss?
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The 3 phylum of Coelomate invertebrates (Protostomes) that we discuss are Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda.
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Describe 5 traits of Mollusca.
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1. segmented body plan. 2. rasping structure (radula) that scrapes food off of things. 3. secrete protective calcium carbonate shell. 4. foot 5. coelomate invertebrate (protostome)
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What are 3 common groups of Mollusca and what do they include? What traits do they have?
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1. Bivalves (clams, muscles, cockles - no radula or distinct head). 2. gastropods (slugs, snails - one or no shell, tentacles on head). 3. cephalopods (octopuses, squids, nautiluses - many arms, large brain, some no shell).
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Describe Annelida.
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Segmented body plan; each segment can have a different function. They move by contracting body segments. Have complete gut (mouth & anus).
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What are 3 main groups of Annelida?
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Annelida include polychaetes, oligochaetes, and leeches.
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Describe polychaetes.
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A main group of Annelida. Found in ocean. Have parapodia (appendages).
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Describe oligochaetes.
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A main group of Annelida. Have clitellum (thick band used in mating).
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Describe leeches.
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A main group of Annelida. Have reduced coelom. Attach self to animal w/mouth. Blood coagulates released naturally to prevent clotting.
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Describe Arthropoda.
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Coelomate Invertebrates (protostomes). Chitinous exoskeleton. Jointed appendages. Biggest phylum. Segmented bodies. Tagmata. Metamorphosis.
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What are the 4 classes of Arthropoda and what do they include?
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Chelicerates (spiders, mites, ticks, horseshoe crabs), crustacea (crabs, shrimp, lobsters, pillbugs), hexapoda (insects), myriapods (centi, milipedes).
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Most animals are protostomes or deuterostomes? (Hint: most animals are arthropoda)
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Most are protostomes.
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What is the class Hexapoda also called?
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Insecta.
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What is the largest group of animals in terms of number of species and number of individuals?
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Insects.
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More than half of all named animal species belong to what class?
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Hexapoda.
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What are 3 examples of tagmata?
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Tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen.
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Over 95% of the known animal species are vertebrates or invertebrates?
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Invertebrates.
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What group includes the largest-bodied and some of the most morphologically complex of all animals?
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Deuterostomes includes the largest-bodied and some of the most morphologically complex of all animals.
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What group acts as key predators and herbivores in most marine and terrestrial habitats?
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Deuterostomes act as key predators and herbivores in most marine and terrestrial habitats
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What are the 4 phyla of deuterostomes?
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Echinodermata, hemichordata, xenoturbellida, and chordata.
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What are Echinoderms named for?
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Echinoderms "spiny-skins" are named for the spines or spikes observed in many species - exclusively marine.
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Explain the symmetry of Echinodermata.
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Larvae bilaterally, adults pentaradially symmetric (5 planes of symmetry).
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What system in Echinoderms form a hydrostatic skeleton?
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Water vascular system forms a hydrostatic skeleton.
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What part of the water system of Echinodermata are projections outside the body and are involved in motion?
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tube feet and podia.
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Describe the endoskeleton of Echinodermata.
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Endoskeleton is a hard supportive structure inside the body made up of calcium carbonate plates (also called ossicles),
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What are ossicles?
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Calcium carbonate plates that make up the endoskeleton of Echinodermata.
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Describe how tube feet work.
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Tube foot has muscular sac that forces water into the tube foot. Contraction of longitudinal muscles can cause it to bend, relaxation of muscles forces fluid back.
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What animals are examples of Echinoderms?
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Sea stars, sea daisies, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea lilies, feather stars, and sea cucumbers.
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What 4 groups are included in the noncoelomate invertebrates and what phyla belong to each one?
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1. parazoa (Porifera) 2. Eumetazoa (Cnidarian) 3. Bilaterian Acoelomates (Platyhelminthes) 4. Psudocoelomates-protostomes (Nematoda, Rotifera)
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