Exam 2 Terms (Ch. 4, 5, 6, 7)

Front 1

Anticipatory socialization

Back 1

when we prepare for future life roles

Front 2

degradation ceremony

Back 2

the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identity and are given new ones

Front 3

generalized other

Back 3

the common behavioral expectations of general society

Front 4

hidden curriculum

Back 4

the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms

Front 5

moral development

Back 5

the way people learn what is "good" and "bad" in society

Front 6

nature

Back 6

the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development

Front 7

peer group

Back 7

a group made up of people by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place

Front 8

self

Back 8

a person's distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction

Front 9

socialization

Back 9

the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

Front 10

achieved status

Back 10

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

Front 11

agricultural societies

Back 11

societies that rely on farming as a way of life

Front 12

alienation

Back 12

an individual's isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

Front 13

anomie

Back 13

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

Front 14

ascribed status

Back 14

the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race

Front 15

bourgeoisie

Back 15

the owners of the means of production in a society

Front 16

class consciousness

Back 16

awareness of one's rank in society

Front 17

collective conscience

Back 17

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

Front 18

false consciousness

Back 18

a person's beliefs and ideology are in conflict with her best interests

Front 19

feudal societies

Back 19

societies that operate on strict hierarchal system of power based around land ownership and protection

Front 20

habitualization

Back 20

the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

Front 21

horticultural societies

Back 21

societies based around the cultivation of plants

Front 22

hunter-gatherer societies

Back 22

societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

Front 23

industrial societies

Back 23

societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

Front 24

information societies

Back 24

societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services

Front 25

institutionalization

Back 25

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

Front 26

iron cage

Back 26

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

Front 27

looking-glass self

Back 27

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

Front 28

mechanical solidarity

Back 28

a type of social order maintained by the collective conscious of a culture

Front 29

organic solidarity

Back 29

a type of social order based around acceptance of economic and social differences

Front 30

pastoral societies

Back 30

societies based around the domestication of animals

Front 31

proletariat

Back 31

the laborers in a society

Front 32

rationalization

Back 32

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

Front 33

role conflict

Back 33

when one or more of an individual's roles clash

Front 34

role performance

Back 34

the expression of a role

Front 35

role strain

Back 35

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

Front 36

role-set

Back 36

an array of roles attached to a particular status

Front 37

roles

Back 37

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status

Front 38

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 38

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

Front 39

social integration

Back 39

how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

Front 40

status

Back 40

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society

Front 41

Thomas theorem

Back 41

how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

Front 42

aggregate

Back 42

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity

Front 43

authoritarian leader

Back 43

a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks

Front 44

bureaucracies

Back 44

are formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality

Front 45

category

Back 45

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

Front 46

clear division of labor

Back 46

refers to the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform

Front 47

coercive organizations

Back 47

are organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

Front 48

conformity

Back 48

the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

Front 49

democratic leader

Back 49

a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action

Front 50

dyad

Back 50

a two-member group

Front 51

explicit rules

Back 51

the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

Front 52

expressive function

Back 52

a group function that serves an emotional need

Front 53

expressive leader

Back 53

a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's emotional wellbeing

Front 54

formal organizations

Back 54

large, impersonal organizations

Front 55

generalizability

Back 55

the amount of information from a specific example can be generalized to apply to the overall population

Front 56

group

Back 56

any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity

Front 57

hierarchy of authority

Back 57

a clear chain of command found in bureaucracy

Front 58

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

Back 58

the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

Front 59

impersonality

Back 59

the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

Front 60

in-group

Back 60

a group a person belongs to and feels is a integral part of his identity

Front 61

instrumental function

Back 61

being oriented toward a task or goal

Front 62

instrumental function

Back 62

being oriented toward a task or goal

Front 63

instrumental leader

Back 63

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

Front 64

laissez-faire leader

Back 64

a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

Front 65

leadership function

Back 65

the main focus or goal of a leader

Front 66

leadership style

Back 66

the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members

Front 67

McDonaldization

Back 67

the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions

Front 68

meritocracy

Back 68

a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit--proven and documented skills

Front 69

normative or voluntary organizations

Back 69

organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards

Front 70

out-group

Back 70

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

Front 71

primary groups

Back 71

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

Front 72

reference groups

Back 72

groups to which an individual compares herself

Front 73

secondary groups

Back 73

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

Front 74

total institution

Back 74

an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs

Front 75

triad

Back 75

a three-member group

Front 76

utilitarian organizations

Back 76

organizations that are joined to fill a specific material needed

Front 77

control theory

Back 77

theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

Front 78

corporate crime

Back 78

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

Front 79

coorections system

Back 79

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for,

convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses

Front 80

court

Back 80

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

Front 81

crime

Back 81

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

Front 82

criminal justice system

Back 82

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code

Front 83

cultural deviance theory

Back 83

theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime

Front 84

deviance

Back 84

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

Front 85

differential association theory

Back 85

theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those

close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

Front 86

formal sanctions

Back 86

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

Front 87

hate crimes

Back 87

attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics

Front 88

informal sanctions

Back 88

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

Front 89

labeling theory

Back 89

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

Front 90

legal codes

Back 90

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

Front 91

master status

Back 91

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

Front 92

negative sanctions

Back 92

punishments for violating norms

Front 93

nonviolent crimes

Back 93

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

Front 94

police

Back 94

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

Front 95

positive sanctions

Back 95

rewards given for conforming to norms

Front 96

power elite

Back 96

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

Front 97

primary deviance

Back 97

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others

Front 98

sanctions

Back 98

the means of enforcing rules

Front 99

secondary deviance

Back 99

occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his

or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

Front 100

self-report study

Back 100

collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

Front 101

social control

Back 101

the regulation and enforcement of norms

Front 102

social disorganizaton theory

Back 102

theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

Front 103

social order

Back 103

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives

Front 104

strain theory

Back 104

theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

Front 105

street crime

Back 105

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

Front 106

victimless crime

Back 106

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

Front 107

violent crimes

Back 107

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force