Soc 151 Exam 2- Chaps 4-6

Front 1

Achieved Status

Back 1

positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part

Front 2

Ascribed Status

Back 2

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

Front 3

Division of Labor

Back 3

the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties

Front 4

Dramaturgy

Back 4

an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama of the stage

Front 5

Ethnomethodology

Back 5

the study of how people use backgroud assumptions to make sense out of life

Front 6

Group

Back 6

people who have something in common and believe what they have in common is significant

Front 7

Impression Management

Back 7

people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them

Front 8

Macrosociology

Back 8

analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists

Front 9

Master Status

Back 9

a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies

Front 10

Microsociology

Back 10

analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists

Front 11

Role

Back 11

the behaviors, obligations, & priveleges attached to a status

Front 12

Role Conflict

Back 12

conflicts that someone feels between roles bc the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role

Front 13

Role Performance

Back 13

the ways in which someone performs a role; showing a particular "style" or "personality"

Front 14

Role Strain

Back 14

conflicts that someone feels with a role

Front 15

Social Class

Back 15

according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in propertry (wealth), power, a& prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor

Front 16

Social Construction

Back 16

the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real

Front 17

Social Institution

Back 17

the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs

Front 18

Social Integration

Back 18

the degree to which members of a group or society are untired by shared norms, values, behaviors, and other social bonds

Front 19

Social Structure

Back 19

the framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior

Front 20

Status

Back 20

the position that someone occupies in a social groupq

Front 21

Status Inconsistency

Back 21

ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others

Front 22

Status Set

Back 22

all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies

Front 23

Status Symbol

Back 23

items to identify a status

Front 24

Thomas Therom

Back 24

Willaim I. and Dorothy S Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situatiions as real, they are real in their consequences."

Front 25

Aggregate

Back 25

individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together

Front 26

Bureaucratic Alienation

Back 26

Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product-- which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; others use the term in the general sense of not feeling a part of something

Front 27

Authoritarian Leadership

Back 27

an individual who leads by giving orders

Front 28

Bureaucracy

Back 28

a formal organization with a heirachry of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records

Front 29

Category

Back 29

people who have similar characteristics

Front 30

Democratic Leadership

Back 30

an individual who leads by trying to reach a concensus

Front 31

Expressive Leadership

Back 31

an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group

Front 32

Group Dynamics

Back 32

the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

Front 33

Groupthink

Back 33

a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct course of action in which to even suggest alternatives become a sign of disloyalty

Front 34

In-groups

Back 34

groups towards which one feels loyalty

Front 35

Instrumental Leader

Back 35

an individiual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals

aka- task-oriented leader

Front 36

Laissez-Faire Leadership

Back 36

unrestrained manufacture and trade

(literally "handsoff")

Front 37

Out-groups

Back 37

groups towards which one feels antagonism

Front 38

Peter Principle

Back 38

a tongue-in-check observation that the members of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work

Front 39

Primary Group

Back 39

a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation

Front 40

Rationalization of Society

Back 40

a widespread acceptance of rationality (efficiency; evaluating an action according to its impact on the "bottom line") and social organications that are built largely around this idea

Front 41

Reference Group

Back 41

a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

Front 42

Secondary Group

Back 42

compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

Front 43

Dyad

Back 43

the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

Front 44

Triad

Back 44

a group of 3 people

Front 45

Social Network

Back 45

the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

Front 46

Voluntary Association

Back 46

a group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual intest

Front 47

Control Theory

Back 47

the idea that 2 control systems- inner and outer controls- work against our tendecies to deviate

Front 48

Crime

Back 48

the violation of norms written into the law

Front 49

Ciminal Justice System

Back 49

the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having commited a crime

Front 50

Cultural Goals

Back 50

the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society

Front 51

Deviance

Back 51

the violation of norms (or rules or expectations)

Front 52

Differential Association

Back 52

Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant

Front 53

Hate Crime

Back 53

a crime that is punished more severely bc it is motivated by hatred of someone's race-ethnicity, religioon, sexual orientation, disability, or national origin

Front 54

Institutional Means

Back 54

approved ways of reaching cultural goals

Front 55

Labeling Theory

Back 55

the view that labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity

Front 56

Negative Sanctions

Back 56

an expression of dissaproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence

Front 57

Postive Sanctions

Back 57

a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward

Front 58

Recidivism Rate

Back 58

the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested

Front 59

Social Control

Back 59

a groups' formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

Front 60

Stigma

Back 60

"blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity

Front 61

Strain Theory

Back 61

Robert Merton's term for the strain endangered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but whithholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal

Front 62

White Collar Crime

Back 62

Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people or respectable and high social status in the course of thei occupations;

for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, ebezzlement, false adverstising, and price fixing

Front 63

Conformity

Back 63

accepting societies goals and the means of achieving those goals

Front 64

Innovation

Back 64

accepts societies goals but do not accept the means to achieve those goals

Front 65

Retreatism

Back 65

dont accept societies goals or the means to achieve goals

Front 66

Ritualism

Back 66

Do no accept societies goals but accept the means

Ex: goes to college, lives under bridge

Front 67

Social Control Agent

Back 67

a groups formal and informal means of enfocing a norm